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IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
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1. Представление о бизнесе расширилось в настоящее время. 2. Традиционно это слово распространенно во многих языках. 3. Производство означает превращение в товары материалов или услуг. 4. Транспортировка – это перемещение товаров от производителя к потребителю. 5. Продажа товаров и услуг – это обмен на деньги. 6. Обязательным элементом бизнеса есть получение прибыли. 7. Прибыль – это деньги, остающиеся после оплаты всех расходов. 8. Прибыль – главная цель коммерческого предприятия. 9. Существуют три основные формы организации бизнеса. 10. Бизнесом могут заниматься как физические, так и юридические лица.
Text 2
What is business?
Business is based on common sense. People concentrate on doing certain things that they are good at. Then they exchange their work for money which can in its turn be exchanged for the goods and services which they require. This is much more efficient than if each person worked purely to satisfy his or her own needs. There are many different types of business in the modern world. They range from very small ones to enormous multinational companies.
Every business either provides a service, produces goods or buys and sells goods and services for a profit (this is called trading). Many are involved in all these activities. The following are the main areas of business going on around you every day.
Which of the business activities each business entails? Financial services: banking and insurance. Retail trade business – shops which sell goods. The hotel and catering businesses. Communication business: telephone, mail and courier services. Transportation businesses which move materials, products and people from place to place by road, rail, sea and air. Public services: police, fire brigades, armed forces and local and central governments.
Business is not an easy thing. It's rather a difficult kind of human activity. It has many important elements such as money, taxes, customers, transport, banks and others. There are two general types of business: small business and big business.
Why do people do business? Why do they like small business? People do business by producing goods or providing services. They buy and sell goods. They do business for a profit. There is no business without a profit. Production of goods is very profitable, provision of different services is profitable too. Communications are a good business too, for example, telephone, telegraph and mail services. Financial services, for example, banking and insurance, work very well, too.
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So, people do different types of business for a profit. Doing business has become very popular everywhere. For example, the whole families in America run small businesses now. At present it is very popular to be a businessman or a businesswoman. It should be noted that women, like men, successfully run a firm or a company, they prove to be good bank managers or shop keepers. Briefly speaking, doing business is a comparatively new and perspective tendency in modern life.
There are three main types of business: a sole trader (you alone have responsibility for the business and you take all profits after paying income tax on them); a partnership (a group of between two or twenty people trading as one firm, and share responsibility for debts, decision-making and the profits); a limited company /Ltd. (a company formed by two or more shareholders who put money into the business in return for a share of the profits).
Vocabulary
to be based on common sense – основываться на здравом смысле
to be good at – разбираться, успевать
to require – требовать
to satisfy needs – удовлетворять потребности
to range from … to – варьироваться; начиная с … и кончая
to provide services – предлагать услуги
to produce goods – производить товары
to buy goods – покупать товар
to sell goods – продавать товар
trading – торговля; коммерция
to be involved in business activities – быть вовлеченным в деловую деятельность
banking – банковское дело
insurance – страхование
retail trade – розничная торговля
catering – общественное питание
public services – общественные службы
fire brigades – пожарные команды
armed forces – вооруженные силы
to do business – вести дела, заключать сделки, вести торговлю
profitable – прибыльный, выгодный, доходный, рентабельный
to run a firm – управлять фирмой
sole trader – единоличный предприниматель
income tax – подоходный налог
to trade – торговать, вести торговлю
to share responsibility for debts – разделять ответственность за долги
to make a decision – принять решение
limited company – компания с ограниченной ответственностью
to put money into the business – вкладывать деньги в бизнес
in return for – в обмен на
I. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
to be good at; to require; to buy and to sell goods; trading; to be involved in all these activities; banking; insurance; retail trade; catering; to do business; profitable; to put money into the business; in return for a share of the profits.
II. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:
основываться на здравом смысле; удовлетворять потребности; предлагать услуги; производить товары; управлять фирмой; единоличный предприниматель; подоходный налог; торговать; разделять ответственность за долги; принять решение; компания с ограниченной ответственностью.
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III. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a small business? Give examples. 2. What services do you know? 3. Is business an easy or a difficult kind of human activity? 4. What types of business do you know? 5. Why do people like small business? 6. For what purpose do people do business? 7. What business do you think is good? 8. Are production of goods and provision of services profitable? 9. Has doing business become very popular everywhere nowadays? 10. Is doing business a new and perspective tendency in modern life? 11. Do you prefer to work as a sole trader, a partnership or a limited company? Why?
IV. Read and translate the following text.
Costs and profit
Once you have decided on a business scheme which your market research suggests will be successful, you can find out whether you will make a profit. To do this, you need to estimate your costs (how much it'll take you to run the business) and your pricing (how much you can sell your goods or services for). What are your costs? Your business costs can be broken down into four areas: material costs, labour costs, overheads and your own wages. Decide on a time period (say, three months) and work out each of your costs.
Material costs. If you are making a product, you will need to buy the materials. Estimate how much money you will spend to buy the necessary things for making your product.
Labour costs. If there is more demand for your work than you can do yourself, you will have to take on an assistant. When estimating, you must take into consideration how long it will take to have coffee breaks, giving or receiving instructions, travelling time and dealing with customers; all this may come to 15 or 25 per cent, on top of the time required to perform the main job.
Overheads. They are charges incurred in the general running of the business. They include: rent, rates, telephone bills, postage, fuel, advertising, insurance, travel, interests on borrowed money and money spent on the upkeep of equipment.
Own wages. This is the minimum amount of money you feel you can live on.
What price? Base your prices on what people have said they would pay for your service or product as compared with the price (service) in other shops.
Vocabulary
to decide on – выбрать
to find out – узнать, выяснить
to estimate costs – оценивать затраты
material costs – материальные затраты
labour costs – трудовые затраты
overheads – накладные расходы
wages – заработок, доход
to take on an assistant – принять на работу, взять в штат
to take into consideration – принимать во внимание
to deal with smb. – иметь дело с кем-либо
to perform a job – выполнять работу
charges – расходы, издержки
rent – арендная плата
rates – местные налоги, коммунальные налоги
telephone bills – телефонные счета
postage – почтовые расходы
fuel – топливо, бензин
advertising – реклама
to borrow money at interests – занимать деньги под проценты
upkeep of equipment – содержание в рабочем состоянии; ремонт оборудования
as compared with – по сравнению с
UNIT 2
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Text 1
My business
Whenever a man sets up a business it is because he feels he can produce some useful commodity or service which will be needed by his fellow citizens. In return he expects to be able to earn a profit on his business. To conduct his affairs efficiently and profitably the businessman must have some knowledge of accounting. Potential bussinemen are supposed to know terms such as: profit and loss, cash flow and balance sheets, assets and liabilities and others.
Not long ago I decided to set up a small business. As I had no experience in business activities it was difficult for me to choose an appropriate business. So I went to the lawyer's for consultation. After clarifying all the details of my project and my financial possibilities he recommended me to set up a small business in the field of services. According to the lawyer anyone who wants to set up a small business is to make sure that he or she is choosing one which will work and yield a big profit. This requires a thorough investigation into the customers' needs. So, the first step I had to take was to study my future customers' needs and wants.
I knew there were many car owners in my neighbourhood. Why not open a car service station? – said I to myself, and got down to business. One of the difficulties I was faced with was lack of money, and I had to borrow it from the bank. The next day I made a loan of 2 mln. pounds, and I was "on the seventh heaven" because now I could put my project into practice.
Now, at the prime of my business life I still remember my lawyer's words; when choosing a business weigh all pros and cons and ask yourself the questions: what kind of customers am I going to serve upon? How many potential customers are there in my district? How shall I attract customers? What products or services shall I offer?
Vocabulary
to set up a business – учредить торговое предприятие
to produce useful commodity or service – производить полезные товары или услуги
to be able to earn a profit – быть в состоянии заработать прибыль
to conduct affairs efficiently and profitably – вести дела эффективно и с прибылью
cash flow – движение денежной наличности
balance sheet – балансовый отчет
assets and liabilities – актив и пассив
lawyer – юрист; адвокат
to clarify – разъяснить, пролить свет (на что-либо)
to make sure – убеждаться; удостовериться
to yield a profit – приносить прибыль, давать доход
to require a thorough investigation into – требовать тщательного изучения
to study customers' needs and wants – изучить потребности и желания покупателей
to get down to business – взяться за дело
to be faced with smth. – столкнуться с чем-либо
lack of money – недостаток денег
to borrow money from the bank – занимать деньги в банке
to make a loan – взять ссуду
in the prime of – в расцвете
to weigh all pros and cons – взвесить все "за" и "против"
potential customer – потенциальный потребитель, покупатель
to attract customers – привлекать покупателей
I. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
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to produce useful commodity or service; profit and loss; assets and liabilities; to have no experience in business activities; lawyer; to clarify all the details; financial possibilities; to make sure; to yield a profit; to be faced with smth; to borrow money from the bank; in the prime of; potential customer.
II. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:
учредить торговое предприятие; быть в состоянии заработать прибыль; вести дела эффективно и с прибылью; движение денежной наличности; балансовый отчет; требовать тщательного изучения; изучить потребности и желания покупателей; взяться за дело; недостаток денег; взять ссуду; взвесить все "за" и "против"; привлекать покупателей.
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