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Glossary. Autonomous Republic. boyars. intelligentsia. soviet
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Glossary
artel
workers’ cooperative
Autonomous Republic
in the Soviet administrative hierarchy: a republic one level below the 15 Union Republics
blat
informal exchange of goods and/or services
boyars
leading warriors
Cheka
Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter‑ Revolution and Sabotage; security police (1917–22)
CPSU
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
druzhina
squad of armed henchmen
dvorianstvo
nobility
glasnost
openness, transparency
grazhdanstvennost
civic consciousness or spirit
guberniia
province
Gulag
NKVD department which ran prisons and labour camps; the network of prisons and labour camps
iarlyk
Mongol licence to rule
intelligentsia
radical intellectuals
KGB
Committee of State Security; security police (1954–91)
kolkhoz
collective farm
kommunalka
communal apartment
korenizatsiia
indigenization: the policy of promoting non‑ Russian institutions and cultures
kormlenie
‘feeding’: support in kind for a ruler’s local representative
krugovaia poruka
joint responsibility
lavra
a leading monastery
likbez
liquidation of illiteracy
metropolitan
bishop of a leading city
mir
self‑ governing local community
narod
people, ethnos
narodnik
populist
NKVD
People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs; security police (1934–46)
nomenklatura
Communist Party appointments system; the ruling class thus generated
obshchestvennost
public opinion; society, as opposed to the state
obshchina
village community
perestroika
political reform (under Gorbachev)
pomeshchik
holder of a pomestie
pomestie
landed estate granted in return for service
pravda
truth, justice
propiska
residence permit
putevki
paid holidays
RSFSR
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (much the largest of the 15 Union Republics of the USSR)
Rus
the medieval term for the lands of the East Slavs; Rossiia is a Latin translation of it, used from the 17th century
skit
hermitage
skomorokhi
strolling players
sobornost
spirit of community
soviet
originally: workers’ council
starosta
elder
tariqat
Sufi brotherhoods
tukhta
artificially inflating production figures
uezd
district
ulus
a nomadic people and its territory in the Mongol Empire
USSR
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union, consisting of 15 Union Republics
veche
urban assembly
volost
township (peasant institution)
votchina
hereditary estate
zemliachestvo
association of workers from the same province
zemstvo
elected local government assembly
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znamenny
traditional Russian liturgical chant
Index
A
Abkhazia 122
Agriculture 89, 100–1, 115–16, 119
Akhmatova, Anna 107
Akhmet, Khan 15
Aleksei, Tsar 30–3, 41
Alexander I 49–53, 65
Alexander II 59
reforms of 71–5
assassination of 82
Alexander Nevsky 8
Alexei Romanov 91
Anna, Empress 42–3
Antichrist 32, 41, 101
Arendt, Hannah 118
Armenia 122
Army, French (Grande Armé e) 50–3
Army, Muscovite/Russian/Soviet 18–19
Service Decree (1556) 18
and Cossacks 35–6
standing army 37–8
status of officers 40, 42, 93
Guards 42, 47, 49
recruits 44, 51
and Napoleonic War 50–3
and Crimean War 57–9
Military Conscription Act 72
peasants in 74, 84
and Bloody Sunday 85
in First World War 90–1
soldiers in 1917 revolution 93–4
and Second World War 110, 112–13
and Georgian demonstrations 122
and Chechnia 127
Artel 82, 85
Astrakhan 19
Augustus, Roman Emperor 25
Austria 46, 57
Autocracy 53–4, 73
Azerbaijan 122
B
Baikal, Lake 6
Ballets Russes 80
Balkans 23, 56–8, 112
Balkars 111
Baltic Sea 5, 8, 14, 19, 38, 58
provinces 46, 66–8
republics 111, 122
Barclay de Tolly 51
Barimta 63
Bashkirs 35–6
Batu 6–7
Belorussia 9, 64–5, 125
language of 9
Benkendorf, Count 54
Berlin Wall 121
Black market 117–18
Black Sea 46, 56–9, 68
Blat 117–18
Bloody Sunday 85–6, 90
Blue Waters, Battle of 9
Bolsheviks 84, 92–5, 97
Borodino, Battle of 51
Bosphorus 46, 56
Boyars 14, 17, 26–7
Boyar Duma 14, 28
Brezhnev, Leonid 120
Britain 42, 56–8, 76
Bukhara, Khanate of 63
Byzantium 3, 5, 15–16, 23, 24
C
Cadet Corps 43, 45, 72
Catherine II 33, 36, 46–9
Catholic Church 9, 15, 27
Caucasus 46, 56–8, 68–70
Caves Monastery, Kiev 4
Censorship 73, 90
Central Asia 61–4
Central Committee (of CPSU) 97, 102–4, 115, 118
International Department of 120
Chaadaev, Petr 54
Chechnia 69, 127
Chechens 111
Cheka 97
Chernobyl 121
China 6–7, 17, 25, 74, 111
Chingis Khan 6
Circassian people 69
Civil society 74–6
Civil war 96, 103
Commonwealth of Independent States 125
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 97–100, 112, 125, 126
20th congress 114
22nd congress 114–15 (see also Central Committee)
Congress of People’s Deputies 121, 123
Constantinople 46, 56
Patriarchate of 25–6, 31–2
Hagia Sophia 56
Constituent Assembly 91, 95–6
Constitution, not granted 73
Constructivists 103
Cossacks 18, 27, 29, 34, 62, 65, 69, 84
Crimea 18, 46
Crimean Tatars 111
Crimean War 56–9
Chuvash people 61
Culture 77–9, 103–4, 107, 118
D
Dagestan 69
Daniil, Great Prince 8
Danube river 46
Decembrists 53
Democratic Russia 123
Denmark 17
Diderot 45
Diplomacy 23, 44–6
Dmitry Donskoi 13
Dmitry, son of Ivan IV 21
Dnieper 2, 29
Dolgoruky family 42
Don river 13, 18
Dorpat University 67
Dostoevsky, Fedor 10, 78
Druzhina 2–3
Duma 88–91, 128
Dvorianstvo, see Nobility
E
Economic reform 122, 126
Education 43, 45, 73, 84, 90, 110, 115, 127
Emancipation Edict of 1861 71–2
Emergency Committee 124
Emperor, title of 37
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place in political system 75 (see also individual Emperors and Empresses)
England 34, 37, 40–1
Estonia 67
Europe 44–6
European view of Russia 45
European Enlightenment 45, 53
intellectual imports from 53, 77
and Crimean War 56–9
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