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General Conditions of Sale
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1. They correspond to «Standard Conditions of Sale» in contracts of some British companies.
2. The amount of information in General Conditions varies from contract to contract depending on the traditions of the contracting firms and the volume of delivery.
3. General Conditions may include, for example, in small orders, such items as Shipping Specification, Inspection, Guarantee and Claims, Conditions of Transportation, Force Majeure Circumstances, Arbitration and Sanctions and are printed on the reverse side of the order form.
4. In many standard contracts, however, these items are given as separate clauses (articles) and General Conditions (Provisions) only comprise the following information: they may begin with the definition of the date of delivery.
5. «The date of the Bill of Lading or the stamp on the railway bill, road or railway bills is to be considered as the date of delivery». Sometimes the definition is contained in other clauses, such as «Shipping» or «Delivery Dates».
6. Also, they may contain indication about the proper law of the contract applied. For instance, «The Swedish Civil and Commercial Law shall be applied to this Contract» or «The Contract shall be governed by English Law». But as a rule it is given in detail in the clause «Arbitration».
7. Other items under General Conditions may be: «All taxes, dues and customs duties on the territory of the Sellers' country are borne by the Sellers. On the territory of the Buyers' country they are borne by the Buyers if they are connected with the fulfilment of this».
8. Neither party shall have the right to assign the rights and obligations under this Contract to any third party without the written consent of the other party.
9. In case of non-fulfilment or improper fulfilment by the Sellers of their obligations under this Contract, the Sellers are to reimburse to the Buyers the losses suffered by them.
10. Appendices, addenda and amendments to the Contract are only valid (or shall be effective) and shall make an integral part of the Contract if made (issued) in writing and signed by the contracting parties.
11. All enclosures to the General Conditions as well as to the Contract are regarded as an integral part thereof.
12. All negotiations and correspondence proceedings, the conclusion of this Contract and pertaining to it become null and void on the date of its signing.
13. This Contract is signed in duplicate (in 2 copies), each in the Russian and English languages, one copy for each party, both texts being authentic (or having equal force), and will become effective from the date of its signing.
Упражнение 1. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний:
1) определена как дата поставки;
2) кроме того, они могут включать;
3) ни одна сторона, не имеет права передавать;
4) в случае невыполнения или ненадлежащего исполнения;
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5) считаются их составной частью;
6) предшествующие заключению контракта;
7) в двух экземплярах;
8) однако, во многих типовых контрактах;
9) дата коносамента или дата штампа на железнодорожной накладной;
10) и вступит в силу с даты подписания.
Упражнение 2. Найдите абзацы, которые близки по содержанию.
Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What does the amount of information contained in general conditions of sale depend on?
2. All taxes, dues and customs duties on the territory of the Sellers' country are borne by the Sellers, aren't they?
3. Are all enclosures to the General Conditions as well as to the contract regarded as their integral part?
4. Is the contract signed in the Russian and English languages or only in one language?
Упражнение 4. Перечислите (письменно) общие условия поставки.
TEXT 3
INCOME
The second of the three economic issues is the question of income, that is, income distribution, the way in which income - that's what people earn - is distributed or shared around.
You and your family have an income. You have an annual income that is what you earn a year. This income allows you to enjoy various goods and services. It means you have a certain standard of living. Your standard of living includes what you think of as necessary to your life, things like food, water, somewhere to live, health and education. But your income doesn't just cover the necessities of life. It also includes recreation, whether that's sport or TV or a holiday. Your income will be less than some of your neighbours', but it will be more than some of your other neighbours'. Your neighbours mean not just people living in your own country, but also people living in other countries.
Just as you and your family have an income, so nations, different countries, also have an income - the national income as it's often called. A national income is not the money the government gets. The national income is the total sum of the incomes of all the people living in that country, in other words, everyone's income added together. In the same way one can think of the world income as the total of all the incomes earned by all the people in the world.
Concerning the distribution of the national and world income, some questions are to be asked: who, in the world, gets what share of these incomes? The distribution of income, either in the world or in a country, tells us how income is divided between different groups or individuals. The distribution of the world’s income includes the income per head, percentage of world population and percentage of the world income. In poor countries, like India, China and the Sudan, the income per head is only 155 pounds per year. But at the same time, they have 50.7 % (per cent) of the world's population. These poor countries have only 5 % (per cent) of the world's income.
In middle-income countries the income per head is 840 pounds, that's in countries like Thailand and Brazil. In the major oil countries, like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, it's 7670. In industrial countries it's 6270.
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Turning to middle-income countries again, they have 25.1 % (per cent) of world population, with 14.2 % (per cent) of the world’s income. The major oil countries have 0.4 (point four) % (per cent) of population, the industrial countries 15.6 %. The oil countries have 1.5 % (per cent) of world income, the industrial countries – 64.8 %.
The first economic question is for whom does the world economy produce? It produces essentially for the people living in the rich industrial countries. They get 60 % (per cent) of the world's income, although they have only 16 % (per cent) of its population. This suggests an answer to the second question that is of what is produced. The answer is that most of world production will be directed towards the goods and services that these same rich industrialized countries want.
The third question is how goods are produced. In poor countries, with little machinery, not very much technical training and so on, workers produce much less than workers in rich countries. And poverty is very difficult to escape. It continues on and on. And this goes some way towards accounting for the differences in national incomes. It accounts for an unequal distribution of income, not just between countries but also between members of the same country, although there individual governments can help through taxation. In other words, governments can act to help distribute income throughout their population.
Слова и выражения к тексту:
| income distribution | распределение дохода |
| an annual income | годовой доход |
| a certain standard of living | определенный уровень жизни |
| to cover the necessities of life | охватывать основные жизненные потребности |
| recreation | отдых, досуг |
| national income | национальный доход |
| share of income | доля, часть дохода |
| income per head | доход на душу населения |
| percentage of the world population | процент мирового населения |
| percentage of the world income | процент мирового дохода |
| essentially | в основном, большей частью |
| world production | мировое производство |
| rich industrialized countries | богатые промышленные страны |
| not very much technical training | недостаточное техническое обучение |
| to escape | зд. избежать |
| to account for (syn. to explain) | объяснять |
| the differences in national incomes | различия в национальных доходах |
| unequal distribution of income | неравное распределение дохода |
| throughout population | среди населения |
Упражнение 1. Дайте русский эквивалент следующим выражениям:
income is shared around; income doesn't just cover the necessities of life; to suggest an answer to the question; to direct the production towards the goods and services; individual governments.
Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами и выраже-
ниями из текста.
1. You have … that is what you earn a year.
2. Your income doesn't just … the necessities of life.
3. It includes …, whether that's sport or TV or a holiday.
4. … is the sum total of the incomes of all the people living in that country.
5. … is the total of all the incomes earned by all the people in the world.
6. In poor countries … is only one hundred and fifty-five pounds per year.
7. In … countries the income per head is eight hundred and forty pounds.
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8. Most of the world production … towards the goods and services that these same rich industrialized countries want.
9. In poor countries, with …, not very much technical training workers produce much less than workers in rich countries.
10. This goes some way towards … the differences in national incomes.
Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте соответствующие английские эквиваленты:
распределение доходов; ежегодный доход; определенный уровень жизни; национальный доход; мировой доход; доля национального дохода; доход на душу населения; процент мирового населения; страны со средним уровнем дохода; в основном; скудное техническое оборудование; недостаточное техническое образование; объяснение разницы в уровнях национальных доходов; неравное распределение доходов; избежать бедности.
Упражнение 4. Найдите определение термина «распределение дохода».
Упражнение 5. Найдите определение термина «национальный доход».
Упражнение 6. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What countries are called poor?
2. For whom and what does the economy produce?
3. What is the role of governments in distributing incomes?
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст и передайте его основное содержание на русском языке.
TEXT 4
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