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Задача 15. The Global Money Market
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Foreign exchange trading in Britain is centered in London. The London foreign exchange market is a telephonic Market consisting of 3 groups: authorized banks, 11 foreign exchange brokers and the Bank of England. British operations are to some degree over seen and controlled by the Bank of England, which limits outstanding positions and calls regular returns. Sterling is thereby protected against undesirable speculations. This control has never prevented the involvement in world money operations necessary to strengthen the commercial base.
Continuous contact between dealers in banks in many cities around the world is, in essence, theinternational market. They fix the international conversion value of one currency against another and conflicting opinions are swiftly ironed out by the movement of funds. At any one moment of time, the value of sterling against the American dollar is the same, whether you deal in London, Germany, Tokyo or San Francisco.
The major controlling factors that affect exchange rates are speculation, interest rates and the balance of payments. In the past, speculation against the dollar in favour of other currencies has led to the sale of dollars and the consequent purchase of other currencies. Interest rates dictate the flow of money front one foreign centre to another as money seeks higher yields. So the impact of a balance of payments surplus or deficit is quite apparent. It follows that the currency of a country with a constant surplus will always be in demand. But other things (quite apart from financial factors affect the foreign exchange market. Political events can movethe market quite significantly.
At one point exchange rates were controlled and monitored by the central banks under the Bretton Woods Agreement. This affected member countries of the International Monetary Fund, which meant simply that all such countries would have a parity for their currency against the American dollar, itself tied to gold, and their currency would be protected against the dollar to a maximum spread of 3/4 per cent either side of this parity. All commercial companies working on a wider commercial profit margin could rely on the rate movement staying within agreed boundaries.
Вопрос 15.1. Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Bank of England tightly controls and monitors all British operations.
a. Истинным
b. Ложным
c. В тексте нет информации
Вопрос 15.2. Определите, является ли утверждение:
The value of sterling against the American dollar is the same at any time the transaction takes place in London, Germany, Tokyo or San Francisco.
a. Ложным
B. Истинным
c. В тексте нет информации
Вопрос 15.3. Определите, является ли утверждение:
Natural disasters affect the market more significantly than any other factors.
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a. В тексте нет информации
b. Ложным
c. Истинным
Вопрос 15.4. Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая идея:
International market is seen as an interaction of many dealers.
a. 3
b. 1
c. 4
d. 2
Вопрос 15.5. Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая идея:
The impact of exchange rate control on the member countries of the International Monetary Fund.
a. 2
b. 1
c. 4
d. 3
Вопрос 15.6. Ответьте на вопрос
Where could the speculation against the dollar in favour of other currencies lead to?
a.
b. The brokers’ yield will grow.
c. It could lead to the sale of dollars.
d. The currency of the country with a constant surplus will be in demand.
e. There could be money flows from one foreign centre to another.
Вопрос 15.7. Определите основную идею текста.
a. The major controlling factors of global money market.
b. Differences in interest rates.
c. The interaction of major financial centers of the world.
d. Tight control strengthens the world money operations.
Задача 16. Bulling
Has anyone ever criticized you all the time, ignored you or made you feel small in front of other people? Then you have experienced bulling. We often think that bulling only happens in school, but it is very common in the workplace as well. In fact studies show that about one in five people have been bullied at work. Bullies are often managers but they can be co-workers. They make their victims look incompetent, feel a failure and lose all belief in themselves.
Bulling consists of threatening or offensive behaviour, constant criticism, unrealistic or changing goals and not being included in work and social events. It is a form of psychological and emotional violence which affects people’s health and career prospects and can cause depression.
Bulling reduces companies’ profits. There are huge losses each year due to absenteeism and resignations, all the result of bulling. Eighty-two percent of people who are bullied leave their workplace. Companies need to make sure they have policies to fight bulling.
Firstly, you need to get support from a colleague or a trade union. Secondly, keep a written record of what is happening to you. Then you need to confront the person and say you don’t like the way you are being treated. This is best done with someone else present or in writing. Nowadays bullying is recognized as a problem, and there are many organizations that can help. So if you are bullied, just remember you are not alone.
Вопрос 16.1. Определите, является ли утверждение:
Bulling is not a serious issue and company employees can easily cope with it.
d. Истинным
e. Ложным
f. В тексте нет информации
Вопрос 16.2. Определите, является ли утверждение:
Bulling can seriously affect companies’ performance.
a. Ложным
b. Истинным
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c. В тексте нет информации
Вопрос 16.3. Определите, является ли утверждение:
Lots of companies offer psychological advice to help their employees to resist bullying.
d. В тексте нет информации
e. Ложным
f. Истинным
Вопрос 16.4. Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая идея:
Three steps to cope with bullying in the workplace
e. 3
f. 1
g. 4
h. 2
Вопрос 16.5. Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая идея:
The essence of bullying.
a. 2
b. 1
c. 4
d. 3
Вопрос 16.6. Ответьте на вопрос
What is bullying?
a. it is when an employee is ignored in social situation
b. it is when an employee is unfairly criticized
c. it is when an employee feel incompetent
d. it is when an employee is offended, criticized and excluded from social events.
Вопрос 16.7. Определите основную идею текста.
a. Bullying has a serious effect on businesses
b. Bullying affects people’s health and career prospects
c. Bullying and the way to stop it.
d. Companies’ performance and bullying.
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