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Задача 19. Regulation and Control in the U.S. Economy
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The U.S. federal government regulates private enterprise in numerous ways. Regulation falls into two general categories. Economic regulation seeks, either directly or indirectly, to control prices. Traditionally, the government has sought to prevent monopolies such as electric utilities from raising prices beyond the level that would ensure them reasonable profits. At times, the government has extended economic control to other kinds of industries as well. In the years following the Great Depression, it devised a complex system to stabilize prices for agricultural goods, which tend to fluctuate wildly in response to rapidly changing supply and demand. A number of other industries -- trucking and, later, airlines -- successfully sought regulation themselves to limit what they considered harmful price-cutting.
Another form of economic regulation, antitrust law, seeks to strengthen market forces so that direct regulation is unnecessary. The government -- and, sometimes, private parties -- have used antitrust law to prohibit practices or mergers that would unduly limit competition.
American attitudes about regulation changed substantially during the final three decades of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1970s, policy-makers grew increasingly concerned that economic regulation protected inefficient companies at the expense of consumers in industries such as airlines and trucking. At the same time, technological changes spawned new competitors in some industries, such as telecommunications, that once were considered natural monopolies. Both developments led to a succession of laws easing regulation.
While leaders of both political parties generally favored economic deregulation during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, there was less agreement concerning regulations designed to achieve social goals. Social regulation had assumed growing importance in the years following the Depression and World War II, and again in the 1960s and 1970s. But during the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, the government relaxed rules to protect workers, consumers, and the environment, arguing that regulation interfered with free enterprise, increased the costs of doing business, and thus contributed to inflation. Still, many Americans continued to voice concerns about specific events or trends, prompting the government to issue new regulations in some areas, including environmental protection.
1) Определите, является ли утверждение:
Antitrust law was designed to hold back the competition
ü Ложным
− В тексте нет информации
− Истинным
·
2) Определите, является ли утверждение:
Airlines and trucking industries couldn’t stay competitive because of strong social control.
ü В тексте нет информации
− Ложным
− Истинным
3) Определите, является ли утверждение:
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Economic regulation has the purpose of direct and indirect price control.
ü Истинным
− В тексте нет информации
− Ложным
4) Укажите, какой части текста соответствует следующая информация (1,2,3,4):
The US government protected inefficient companies through economic regulation.
ü 3
− 1
− 4
− 2
5) Укажите, какой части текста соответствует следующая информация (1,2,3,4):
The US government sometimes increases economic regulation in industrial sector.
− 2
− 3
ü 1
− 4
6) Ответьте на вопрос:
Why did the government ease social control in 1980s?
− The government assumed importance of environmental protection.
ü Economic regulation interfered with free market economy.
− The US government wanted to stabilize prices for agricultural goods.
− Strong social rules prevented monopolies from development.
7) Определите основную идею текста:
− Social deregulation and its consequences.
− Types of economic regulation.
− The efficiency of governmental control in the US economy.
ü Regulation and governmental control in the US economy.
Задача 20. Leadership Styles for a good leader.
Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. One of the ways for leaders to carry out this process is to use leadership styles. Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership. This early study has been very influential and established three major leadership styles:
Authoritarian or autocratic
Participative or democratic
Delegative or Free Reign
Although good leaders use all three styles, with one of them normally dominant, bad leaders tend to stick with one style.
Authoritarian (autocratic)
This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. Some of the appropriate conditions to use it is when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are short on time, and your employees are well motivated. Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling, using demeaning language, and leading by threats and abusing their power. This is not the authoritarian style, rather it is an abusive, unprofessional style called “bossing people around.” It has no place in a leader's repertoire. The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rare occasions.
Participative (democratic)
This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. Note that a leader is not expected to know everything — this is why you employ knowledgeable and skillful employees. Using this style is of mutual benefit — it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions.
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Delegative (free reign)
In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. You cannot do everything! You must set priorities and delegate certain tasks. This is not a style to use so that you can blame others when things go wrong, rather this is a style to be used when you fully trust and confidence in the people below you. Do not be afraid to use it, however, use it wisely!
A good leader uses all three styles, depending on what forces are involved between the followers, the leader, and the situation. In this case a good leader takes into consideration certain states of affairs. For instance, using an authoritarian style on a new employee who is just learning the job. The leader is competent and a good coach. The employee is motivated to learn a new skill. The situation is a new environment for the employee. Using a participative style with a team of workers who know their job. The leader knows the problem, but does not have all the information. The employees know their jobs and want to become part of the team. Using a delegative style with a worker who knows more about the job than you. You cannot do everything and the employee needs to take ownership of his/her job! In addition, this allows you to be at other places, doing other things.
1. Является ли утверждение
Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) нет информации
2. Является ли утверждение
Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) нет информации
3. Является ли утверждение
If you have the time and want to gain more commitment and motivation from your employees, then you should use the authoritarian(autocratic) style.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) нет информации
4. К какой части текста соответствует данная информация
This strategy is used in companies where employees are highly knowledgeable and have the confidence to make correct decisions
1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4
5) 5
5. К какой части текста соответствует данная информация
This approach should be used on exceptional or uncommon situations
1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4
5) 5
6. Дайте определение следующему понятию Leader
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