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Special Courts Created by Congress
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Special Courts Created by Congress
1. Magistrate judges: These judges handle certain criminal and civil matters, often with the consent of the parties.
2. Bankruptcy courts: These courts handle cases arising under the Bankruptcy Code.
3. U. S. Court of Military Appeals: This court is the final appellate court for cases arising under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
4. U. S. Tax Court: This court handles cases arising over alleged tax deficiencies.
5. U. S. Court of Veterans' Appeals: This court handles certain cases arising from the denial of veterans' benefits.
4. Подберите для каждого названия американского суда его русский эквивалент.
a) Федеральный суд по вопросам международной торговли (Внешнеторговый суд)
b) Налоговый суд
c) Федеральный окружной апелляционный суд
d) Федеральный военно-апелляционный суд
e) Федеральный районный суд (федеральный суд первой инстанции в США)
f) Верховный суд США
g) Претензионный суд (суд для рассмотрения исков к США)
h) Федеральный суд США по рассмотрению жалоб от ветеранов
i) Суд по делам о банкротстве
j) Мировой (магистратский) суд
k) Апелляционный суд США по федеральному округу
- The U. S. District Court ____________________
- The U. S. Circuit Court of Appeal _______________________
- The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit __________________
- The U. S. Supreme Court ______________________________
- The U. S. Court of Claims ______________________________
- The U. S. Court of International Trade ___________________________
- Magistrate court _________________________
- Bankruptcy court ________________________
- The U. S. Court of Military Appeals ________________________
- The U. S. Tax Court ________________________________
- The U. S. Court of Veterans' Appeals _______________________________
5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
- What two types of courts can the term “federal court” refer to?
- What courts does the first type include?
- What courts does the second type include?
- What jurisdiction does the U. S. District Court have? What cases does it hear?
- What cases does the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeal examine?
- What is the jurisdiction of the U. S. Supreme Court?
- What cases do the U. S. Court of Claims and the U. S. Court of International Trade handle?
- What cases do Magistrate judges handle?
- What cases do Bankruptcy courts handle?
- What cases do the U. S. Court of Military Appeals and the U. S. Court of Veterans' Appeals deal with?
- What cases does the U. S. Tax Court examine?
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TEXT 6
GLOSSARY
a will – завещание
to distribute – распределять, рассредоточивать
adoption – усыновление, удочерение
annulment – судебное решение о признании брака недействительным
divorce – развод
alimony – алименты
custody – опека, опекунство
delinquent children – дети, совершившие правонарушения
ordinance – указ, декрет, закон, постановление, распоряжение
to find guilty/not guilty – признать виновным/невиновным
discretionary – предоставленный на (собственное) усмотрение
State Court Systems
No two state court systems are exactly alike. Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities to provide an example of what a typical state court system looks like. Most state court systems are made up of (1) two sets of trial courts: (a) trial courts of limited jurisdiction (probate, family, traffic, etc. ) and (b) trial courts of general jurisdiction (main trial-level courts); (2) intermediate appellate courts (in many, but not all, states); and (3) the highest state courts (called by various names).
Unlike federal judges, most state court judges are not appointed for life but are either elected or appointed (or a combination of both) for a certain number of years.
Trial Courts of Limited Jurisdiction
Trial courts of limited jurisdiction are courts that deal with only specific types of cases. They are usually presided over by a single judge. Some examples of trial courts of limited jurisdiction include:
1. Probate court: This court handles matters concerning administering the estate of a person who has died ( decedent ). It sees that the provisions of a will are carried out or sees that a decedent’s property is distributed according to state law if he/she died intestate (without a will).
2. Family court: This court handles matters concerning adoption, annulments, divorce, alimony, custody, child support, etc.
3. Traffic court: This court usually handles minor violations of traffic laws.
4. Juvenile court: This court usually handles cases involving delinquent children under a certain age, for example, 18 or 21.
5. Small claims court: This court usually handles suits between private persons of a relatively low dollar amount, for example, less than $5, 000.
6. Municipal court: This court usually handles cases involving offenses against city ordinances.
Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction
Trial courts of general jurisdiction are the main trial courts in the state system. They hear cases outside the jurisdiction of the trial courts of limited jurisdiction. These involve both civil and criminal cases. One judge (often sitting with a jury) usually hears them. In such cases, the judge decides issues of law, while the jury decides issues of fact.
Intermediate Appellate Courts
Many, but not all, states have intermediate appellate courts between the trial courts of general jurisdiction and the highest court in the state. Any party, except in a case where a defendant in a criminal trial has been found not guilty, who is not satisfied with the judgment of a state trial court may appeal the matter to an appropriate intermediate appellate court. These courts usually sit in panels of two or three judges.
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