The orbital stations of the Future
Long-term orbital research stations are very useful to scientists today for weather forecasting, agriculture, geology, sea and air transport and for protecting the environment.
A modern long-term orbital station is a research laboratory in space, where the researches can be done that are quite unconceivable on Earth.
Take physics. Because there is no atmosphere in space, physicists can study cosmic rays, carry out experiments that may help discover new nuclear reactions and elementary particles.
Then, too, in weightlessness we could get purer materials. When molten metal cools off on the Earth, the density will always be slightly uneven because the surrounding temperature is uneven while gravity upsets the structural balance by distorting the crystallization leaving us with an imperfect end product. In space these problems are avoided, there is no gravity and no atmosphere, so the quality of crystals is sharply improved.
The crystals grown in weightlessness are extra pure substances which can be used for semiconductors, lasers, computer engineering and in medicine. There will be space observatories too – the research is already under way. From orbit one can watch the development of cyclones and typhoons, predict when they will strike and give an advance warning.
Приложение 1
Таблица неправильных глаголов
№
| I st form
| II nd form
| III d form
| Lexical
|
Infinitive
| Past Indefinite
| Past Participle
| Meaning
|
| TO AWAKE
| AWOKE
| AWOKE
| БУДИТЬ
|
AWAKED
| AWAKED
|
| TO BE
| WAS, WERE
| BEEN
| БЫТЬ, НАХОДИТЬСЯ
|
| TO BECOME
| BECAME
| BECOME
| СТАНОВИТЬСЯ
|
| TO BEGIN
| BEGAN
| BEGUN
| НАЧИНАТЬСЯ
|
| TO BLOW
| BLEW
| BLOWN
| ДУТЬ
|
| TO BREAK
| BROKE
| BROKEN
| БИТЬ, РАЗБИВАТЬ
|
| TO BRING
| BROUGHT
| BROUGHT
| ПРИНОСИТЬ
|
| TO BUILD
| BUILT
| BUILT
| СТРОИТЬ
|
| TO BURN
| BURNT
| BURNT
| ГОРЕТЬ
|
| TO BURST
| BURST
| BURST
| РАЗРЫВАТЬ(СЯ)
|
| TO BUY
| BOUGHT
| BOUGHT
| ПОКУПАТЬ
|
| TO CATCH
| CAUGHT
| CAUGHT
| ПОЙМАТЬ, ЛОВИТЬ
|
| TO CHOOSE
| CHOSE
| CHOSEN
| ВЫБИРАТЬ
|
| TO COME
| CAME
| COME
| ПРИХОДИТЬ
|
| TO COST
| COST
| COST
| СТОИТЬ
|
| TO CUT
| CUT
| CUT
| РЕЗАТЬ, СТРИЧЬ
|
| TO DO
| DID
| DONE
| ДЕЛАТЬ
|
| TO DRAW
| DREW
| DRAWN
| РИСОВАТЬ, ТАЩИТЬ
|
| TO DREAM
| DREAMT
| DREAMT
| ВИДЕТЬ СНЫ,
МЕЧТАТЬ
|
DREAMED
| DREAMED
|
| TO DRINK
| DRANK
| DRUNK
| ПИТЬ
|
| TO DRIVE
| DROVE
| DRIVEN
| ЕХАТЬ, ВЕЗТИ, ГНАТЬ
|
| TO EAT
| ATE
| EATEN
| ЕСТЬ, КУШАТЬ
|
| TO FALL
| FELL
| FALLEN
| ПАДАТЬ
|
| TO FEEL
| FELT
| FELT
| ЧУВСТВОВАТЬ
|
| TO FIND
| FOUND
| FOUND
| НАХОДИТЬ, ОБНАРУЖИВАТЬ
|
| TO FLY
| FLEW
| FLOWN
| ЛЕТАТЬ
|
| TO FORGET
| FORGOT
| FORGOTTEN
| ЗАБЫВАТЬ
|
| TO FREEZE
| FROZE
| FROZEN
| ЗАМЕРЗАТЬ
|
| TO GET
| GOT
| GOT
| ДОСТАВАТЬ, ПОЛУЧАТЬ
|
| TO GIVE
| GAVE
| GIVEN
| ДАВАТЬ
|
| TO GO
| WENT
| GONE
| ХОДИТЬ, ИДТИ
|
| TO GROW
| GREW
| GROWN
| РАСТИ
|
| TO HANG
| HUNG
| HUNG
| ВЕШАТЬ, ВИСЕТЬ
|
| TO HAVE
| HAD
| HAD
| ИМЕТЬ
|
| TO HEAR
| HEARD
| HEARD
| СЛЫШАТЬ
|
| TO HOLD
| HELD
| HELD
| ДЕРЖАТЬ
|
| TO HURT
| HURT
| HURT
| ПОВРЕДИТЬ
|
| TO KEEP
| KEPT
| KEPT
| ДЕРЖАТЬ, ХРАНИТЬ
|
| TO KNIT
| KNIT
| KNIT
| ВЯЗАТЬ
|
KNITTED
| KNITTED
|
| TO KNOW
| KNEW
| KNOWN
| ЗНАТЬ
|
| TO LAY
| LAID
| LAID
| КЛАСТЬ, ПОЛОЖИТЬ
|
| TO LEAD
| LED
| LED
| ВЕСТИ, РУКОВОДИТЬ
|
| TO LEAN
| LEANT
| LEANT
| НАКЛОНЯТЬ(СЯ)
|
LEANED
| LEANED
|
| TO LEARN
| LEARNT
| LEARNT
| УЧИТЬ,
ИЗУЧАТЬ
|
LEARNED
| LEARNED
|
| TO LEAVE
| LEFT
| LEFT
| ПОКИДАТЬ, УЕЗЖАТЬ, УХОДИТЬ
|
| TO LET
| LET
| LET
| ПОЗВОЛИТЬ,
РАЗРЕШИТЬ
|
| TO LIE
| LAY
| LAIN
| ЛЕЖАТЬ
|
| TO LOSE
| LOST
| LOST
| ТЕРЯТЬ
|
| TO MAKE
| MADE
| MADE
| ДЕЛАТЬ, ЗАСТАВЛЯТЬ
|
| TO MEAN
| MEANT
| MEANT
| ИМЕТЬ В ВИДУ, ЗНАЧИТЬ
|
| TO MEET
| MET
| MET
| ВСТРЕЧАТЬ(СЯ)
|
| TO PUT
| PUT
| PUT
| ПОЛОЖИТЬ, КЛАСТЬ
|
| TO READ
| READ
| READ
| ЧИТАТЬ
|
| TO RIDE
| RODE
| RIDDEN
| ЕХАТЬ ВЕРХОМ, ЕХАТЬ В…
|
| TO RING
| RANG
| RUNG
| ЗВОНИТЬ, ЗВЕНЕТЬ
|
| TO RISE
| ROSE
| RISEN
| ПОДНИМАТЬСЯ
|
| TO RUN
| RAN
| RUN
| БЕГАТЬ
|
| TO SAY
| SAID
| SAID
| СКАЗАТЬ, ГОВОРИТЬ
|
| TO SEE
| SAW
| SEEN
| ВИДЕТЬ, СМОТРЕТЬ
|
| TO SELL
| SOLD
| SOLD
| ПРОДАВАТЬ
|
| TO SEND
| SENT
| SENT
| ПОСЫЛАТЬ
|
| TO SET
| SET
| SET
| СТАВИТЬ, САДИТЬСЯ, ЗАХОДИТЬ
|
| TO SEW
| SEWED
| SEWED
| ШИТЬ
|
SEWN
|
| TO SHAKE
| SHOOK
| SHAKEN
| ТРЯСТИ (СЬ)
|
| TO SHAVE
| SHAVED
| SHAVED
| БРИТЬ (СЯ).
|
SHAVEN
|
| TO SHINE
| SHONE
| SHONE
| СВЕТИТЬ (СЯ)
|
| TO SHOOT
| SHOT
| SHOT
| СТРЕЛЯТЬ
|
| TO SHOW
| SHOWED
| SHOWED
| ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ
|
SHOWN
|
| TO SHUT
| SHUT
| SHUT
| ЗАКРЫВАТЬ
|
| TO SING
| SANG
| SUNG
| ПЕТЬ
|
| TO SIT
| SAT
| SAT
| СИДЕТЬ
|
| TO SLEEP
| SLEPT
| SLEPT
| СПАТЬ
|
| TO SPEAK
| SPOKE
| SPOKEN
| ГОВОРИТЬ, ВЫСТУПАТЬ
|
| TO SPELL
| SPELT
| SPELT
| ГОВОРИТЬ
БУКВАМ
|
SPELLED
| SPELLED
|
| TO SPEND
| SPENT
| SPENT
| ТРАТИТЬ, ПРОВОДИТЬ
|
| TO SPREAD
| SPREAD
| SPREAD
| ПРОСТИРАТЬСЯ, РАСКИНУТЬ (СЯ)
|
| TO STAND
| STOOD
| STOOD
| СТОЯТЬ
|
| TO STEAL
| STOLE
| STOLEN
| КРАСТЬ
|
| TO STRIKE
| STRUCK
| STRUCK
| БИТЬ, УДАРЯТЬ
|
| TO SWEEP
| SWEPT
| SWEPT
| ПОДМЕТАТЬ
|
| TO SWIM
| SWAM
| SWUM
| ПЛАВАТЬ
|
| TO TAKE
| TOOK
| TAKEN
| БРАТЬ, ВЗЯТЬ
|
| TO TEACH
| TAUGHT
| TAUGHT
| УЧИТЬ, ОБУЧАТЬ
|
| TO TEAR
| TORE
| TORN
| РВАТЬ
|
| TO TELL
| TOLD
| TOLD
| ГОВОРИТЬ, РАССКАЗЫВАТЬ
|
| TO THINK
| THOUGHT.
| THOUGHT
| ДУМАТЬ, ПОЛАГАТЬ
|
| TO THROW
| THREW
| THROWN
| БРОСАТЬ
|
| TO UNDERSTAND
| UNDERSTOOD
| UNDERSTOOD
| ПОНИМАТЬ
|
| TO WAKE
| WOKE
| WOKEN
| БУДИТЬ
ПРОСЫПАТЬСЯ
|
WAKED
| WAKED
|
| TO WEAR
| WORE
| WORN
| НОСИТЬ
|
| TO WIN
| WON
| WON
| ПОБЕЖДАТЬ, ВЫИГРЫВАТЬ
|
| TO WIND
|
WOUND
| WOUND
| ЗАВОДИТЬ (ЧАСЫ)
|
| TO WRITE
| WROTE
| WRITTEN
| ПИСАТЬ
|
Приложение 2
Таблица времен английского глагола.
Active Passive
(действительный) (страдательный)
Образование
| Пример
| Перевод
| Время
| Образование
| Пример
| Перевод
|
I. I n d e f i n i t e
|
V(s)
| He writes
| Он пишет
| 1. Present
| To be +V(ed) (PII)
| He is written
| Ему пишут
(в настоящем)
|
V(ed)
| He wrote
| Он писал
| 2. Past
| To be +V(ed) (PII)
| He was written
| Ему написали
(в прошлом)
|
Shall/will V
| He will write
| Он будет писать
| 3. Future
| Shall/will + be +V(ed) (PII)
| He will be written
| Ему напишут
|
II. C O N T I N U O U S
|
To be +V(ing) P.I.
| He is writing
| Он пишет
(сейчас)
| 1. Present
| To be + being +V (ed) (P.II.)
| He is being written
| Ему пишут (сейчас, в данный момент)
|
To be + V(ing) P.I.
| He was writing
| Он писал
(в определеный момент в прошлом)
| 2. Past
| To be + being + V(ed) (P.II.)
| He was being written
| Ему писали
(в определенный момент в прошлом)
|
Shall/will be + V(ing) P.I.
| He will be writing
| Он будет писать (в определенный момент в будущем)
| 3. Future
| Не употребляется
|
III. P E R F EC T
|
Have (has)+ V(ed) (P.II.)
| He has written
| Он написал
(к настоящему времени)
| 1. Present
| Have (has) +been + V(ed) (P.II.)
| He has been written.
| Ему написали
(к настоящему моменту)
|
Had + V(ed) (P.II.)
| He had written
| Он написал
(к моменту в прошлом)
| 2. Past
| Had + been + V (ed) (P.II.)
| He had been written.
| Ему написали
(к моменту в прошлом)
|
Shall/will + have + V(ed) (P.II.)
| He will have written
| Он напишет
(к моменту в будущем)
| 3. Future
| Shall/will + have + been + V(ed) (P.II.)
| He will have been written.
| Ему напишут
(к моменту в будущем)
|
Список литературы.
1. Апресян Ю.Д. Новый большой англо-русский словарь. М. Русский язык, 1999.
2. Баринов С.М., Борковский А.Б. Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь. М. Руссо, 2001.
3. Бурлак А.И. Учебник английского языка для студентов архитектурных и инженерно-строительных специальностей вузов. М. Высшая школа, 1982.
4. Синявская Е.В. Пособие по английскому языку для II курса инженерно-строительных и автодорожных вузов. М. Высшая школа, 1981.
5. Синявская Е.В. Английский язык для инженеров. М. Высшая школа, 1998.
ARROYD T.N.W. Concrete. Properties and Manufacture. Oxford. Pergamon Press, 1962
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