9. Read the text again and complete the summary below. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. Choose no more than two words for each gap.

12. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list.

output, resolved, phase, conferred, subsequent, code, access, annual, occupied, principal, 
 attributes, status, implemented, cycle, hence, internal, domesticated, promotes, errors

1. Mario Lemieux had all the _________ a hockey team could ask for: speed, a hard and accurate shot, and an ability to read the game. 2. Our production costs have increased, _________ our prices have gone up as well. 3. In Japan, the dog is believed to have been _________ as early as the Jomon period, around 10, 000 B. C. 4. Women generally focus more on a man's economic _________ than his appearance, probably because the woman carries most of the responsibility of rearing and nurturing the children. 5. Popstars Paul McCartney and Elton John have both had knighthoods _________ on them by the Queen of England. 6. The Americans _________ the Japanese islands of Okinawa until 1972. 7. Eating too much sugar _________ tooth decay. 8. Bank machines allow customers to _________ their accounts 24 hours a day. 9. Linguists recognize three main _________ in the evolution of the English language. 10. The body is supported by the skeleton, which also serves to protect the _________ organs. 11. Writing _________ for a software program is an endless, boring task. 12. While rock-climbing, you need to remain very focused so that you don't make any dangerous _________. 13. If the sun's energy _________ were decreased by 10%, the entire Earth would be covered in ice over a kilometer thick. 14. The _________ reason why she quit her job was because she didn't feel she had any future there. 15. They have _________ a new procedure to make registration at the university easier and quicker. 16. The area which includes the Amazon River has the highest _________ rainfall in the world. 17. Ecuador and Peru's border war, which began in 1995, was _________ in 1999. 18. The supervisor has announced that our first staff meeting will last for two hours, and _________ meetings for only one hour. 19. Many festivals in Madagascar are connected with the natural _________ of the year, such as the harvest.

2. TODAY’S STUDENTS ARE TOMORROW’S SCIENTISTS

13. Read the article about education in Great Britain and find proofs that today’s education is unfair.

Unfair Education

In a country where government and families alike are tightening their belts and trying to make do with less, you could be pardoned for thinking that private education would be in a bit of a jam right now. And yet, although fees at independent schools in Britain have approximately doubled over the last two and a half decades, pupil numbers are the highest since records started in 1974. Although there are numerous reasons why parents might choose to fork out an average of £ 12, 500 per year on their child’s education, there is one which stands out more than any other: their reputation for getting their students into elite universities, such as the American Ivy League colleges and Britain’s most prestigious universities: Oxford and Cambridge.

Private schools with experience in these admissions processes run like well-oiled machines. Their informed careers advisers have in-depth tactical knowledge of which colleges would best suit each candidate, and help them to edit their personal statements to reflect the qualities that elite universities are looking for. Interview training sessions guide young applicants through an interview system which has been described as being ‘more reminiscent of an old-boy network than justice for society’. Those with family members and teachers who have successfully gone through the admissions process are at a considerable advantage to those who are the first to apply among their social group.

Consequently, the social mix of students at the top universities remains sadly biased towards the rich and privately educated — although thanks to increasing numbers of bursaries providing free private school education to academically gifted youngsters, it is possible to be one without the other. Even so, the fact is that 7% of British children go to private schools, while more than 40% of the intake at Oxford and Cambridge is privately educated, and this statistic depicts a worryingly skewed trend.

The proportion matters because, although there are obviously plenty of other universities offering excellent study programs, an Oxbridge or Ivy-League degree undoubtedly enhances employability in the ruling professions. According to recent studies by the UK educational charity The Sutton Trust, over 30% of leading professionals in the United Kingdom, including almost 80% of lawyers, 47% of highflyers in financial services and 41% of top journalists attended Oxford or Cambridge. Every university-educated Prime Minister since 1937 except one, Gordon Brown, is an alumnus of one or the other, as are approximately two-thirds of the current government cabinet. This bias is bad news not only for the clever but underprivileged students who have to settle for a less renowned university; it is bad news for Britain, as decisions that affect the whole nation are made by a select group with a narrow pool of experience, rather than one that is representative of society as a whole.

This disproportion was brought to public attention in 2000, when politician Gordon Brown launched an attack on the selection processes at Oxford University. He publicized the story of Laura Spence, gifted students who had the “best A-level qualifications you can have”, but nevertheless was turned down by Magdalen College, Oxford. Later, Member of Parliament David Lammy used the freedom of information act to examine admissions data at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and found that almost 90% of the student body at both universities was drawn from the upper and middle classes, that in 2009 Oxford accepted only one British black Caribbean undergraduate, and it focused its attentions on admissions events at private schools such as Kate Middleton’s school, Marlborough College, and Prince William’s alma mater, Eton.

Since then, universities have been forced to up their game welcoming the less privileged among their students. Quotas have been put into place to ensure that the colleges admit a larger proportion of less privileged students. These targets are not often met, however, and they have brought about a new practice in which parents privately educate their children up to the age of 16, giving them a sound academic background, then put them in state education for their two final years, to better improve their chances of being accepted at a top university as part of their ‘less privileged’ quota. Even so, Oxford now spends $4 million a year on student outreach, a $1. 6 million increase since 2007. Much of this is spent on school visits and teacher-training programs aimed at supporting poor and minority students who wish to apply to the university. The university has also launched a summer school, which allows around 500 academically talented, state-school students a chance to experience studying at Oxford for a week.

And yet these strategies depend on state schools being able to educate students to the same level as private schools; where stringent selection processes, partnered with high budgets, parental support and top-class facilities allow schools to spew out students of an impressively high academic caliber. State schools have much less opportunity to do this. Or have they? One commentator argues that the success of private schools is not in their money, but in their organization. State schools fail their pupils because, under government control, they lack options. But if head teachers at state schools were given the same freedom as those at private schools, namely to sack poor teachers and pay more to good ones, parents would not need to send their children to private schools any more.