15. Read the article again and complete the summary below. Fill in the gaps with the words from the article. Choose no more than two words for each gap.

1. Numbers of pupils at private schools have doubled since 1975.  

2. On average, the cost of tuition at a private school in the UK is £ 12, 500 per child, per year.

3. The interview process at elite universities gives private and state-educated students an equal chance of success.

4. All students at private schools in Britain come from rich families.

5. Most leading politicians and judges in the UK were educated at Oxford or Cambridge University.

6. Former prime minister Gordon Brown was educated at to Oxford University.  

7. Both Kate Middleton and Prince William applied to Oxford University.

15. Read the article again and complete the summary below. Fill in the gaps with the words from the article. Choose no more than two words for each gap.

One study found that nearly nine tenths of students entering Oxford and Cambridge universities came from the (1) _________ Universities must now adhere to (2) _________ to ensure that they admit a socio-economic mix of students. This has led to parents choosing to educate their children in (3) _________ to increase their chances of getting into an elite university. Oxford’s program has been expanded to attract the (4) _________. However, private schools can educate students to a higher standard because they have more money and they employ strict. However, one commentator believes that state schools would do better if their head teachers were allowed more (5) _________.

16. Fill in the gaps with the most appropriate words from the list.

summary, despite, communication, series, imposed, goal, professionally, mechanisms, approximately, unparalleled

1. We hope to achieve our _________ of increasing our profits by at least 20% this year. 2. The rapid and continued success of Microsoft Corporation is almost _________ in the world of business. 3. Vincent van Gogh once said that great things are done by a _________ of small things brought together. 4. Female killer whales stop giving birth at _________ 40 years of age. 5. _________. its large size, the grizzly bear is amazingly fast, reaching speeds of over 60 kilometers per hour. 6. The government of Iraq considers the international boundaries of the Arab nations to have been _________ by the Europeans who occupied the countries following the Second World War. 7. Louis Boone once said, “Don’t fear failure so much that you refuse to try new things. The saddest _________ of a life contains three descriptions: could have, might have, and should have. ” 8. The coach needs to maintain a good, honest _________ with all his players. 9. Many psychologists believe that most animal species, including humans, seem to share basic learning _________. 10. Dwayne was too short to play basketball _________, so he went into coaching instead.

3. INNOVATION SYSTEMS. DEVELOPING SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW

17. Read the text and choose the mechanisms of innovation in contemporary science and technology. Discuss them with your groupmates.

Mechanisms of Innovation

An examination of the mechanisms of innovation relies on theoretical lenses to create a comprehensive model of the innovation process. Most innovation process models conceptualize the process as linear, proposing remarkable and distinct stages that enable a deeper exploration of the causal mechanisms underlying the process or lifecycle. The early stages in the innovation lifecycle involve the transfer of knowledge and technology, and analytical frameworks used to explore this stage often focus on the systemic transfer of scientific knowledge and technology between universities, industries, and government institutions, also referred to as the triple helix. Recent science and technology policy studies focus specific attention on diffusion processes that result in the transfer of knowledge and technology. Macro level analyses explore national level factors, paying particular attention to knowledge transfer networks, the decentralization of science policies, and organizational structures, but micro level factors, such as organizational identity and innovative organizational systems, have gained more recent attention as well. Barriers to cross-sector work within the triple helix have been identified as information process-oriented, cultural, and political. In this specific area of focus, scholars rely on indicators to track technological transfers, but recent work suggests that traditionally-used indicators have some limitations. For instance, the influence of licensing structures within the university setting, faculty engagement, inequalities associated with data sharing through digital-based networks, and gaps in knowledge are indicated as having a significant impact on knowledge transfer. Collaborations are viewed a primary tool for fostering innovation at every level.

At the national level, early stages of the innovation lifecycle involve the sharing of knowledge and technology highlighting the relationships between universities and industries. Recent research evaluates peer-based ‘translational’ programs, utilized by some universities to overcome obstacles that inhibit the development of research into new technologies. Later stages of the innovation lifecycle involve commercialization, emphasizing the interactions between private industry and the government.

At the international level, global collaborations led by related international organizations provide important resources to assist member countries in identifying systemic weaknesses in technological development and facilitate collaborations to expand knowledge bases through open innovation. Policy tools aimed at facilitating innovation, particularly among nations with developing or transitional economies and centralized governments, include the use of public procurement, increased research and development expenditures and related tax credit schemes to build the infrastructure necessary to support technological development. The early stages of innovation may involve imitation, implementation, and even adaption of existing technologies. Structured networks that can serve as catalysts for transferring knowledge, technology, and policy across various economic systems are crucial.

Technology Adoption. The economic benefits of innovative technologies depend upon successful commercialization and ultimate adoption of new technologies. Policy researchers have been actively investigating factors that may influence successful technology adoption. In particular, our review reveals that sustainable energy technology dominates this area of research in recent years, with studies focusing on national level trade policies, funding schemes, various policy instruments, and economic factors.