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II Put the words in order to make sentences.
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II Put the words in order to make sentences.
1. Ayurvedic/India. /in/started/medicine/started
2. ask/doctors/about/their/life. /patients/Ayurvedic
3. The doctor/needles/into/a patients body. /puts
4. acupuncture/often/People/use/headache. /to treat
Grammar Exercises
What grammar tense is used in the sentence?
В каком грамматическом времени построено следующее предложение?
Acupuncture is a type of medicine that people have used for thousands of years in China, Japan and Korea.
| Время Present Perfect используется для описания действия, которое началось с какого-то момента в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего времени. Часто в таких предложениях используются обстоятельства и предлоги времени for, since, yet, already, just, ever, never | ||
| I have used he has used she has used it has used we have used you have used they have used | I have not used he has not used she has not used it has not used we have not used you have not used they have not used | HaveIused? Hasheused? Hassheused? Hasit used? Havewe used? Haveyou used? Havetheyused? |
I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Use the Present Perfect Tense.
1. We have already (to learn) a lot of English words.
2. How long you (to know) this doctor?
3. I never (to travel) abroad.
4. Julia speaks English so well because she (to live) in London for a year.
5. I just (to meet) your friend in the street.
6. He is a very good doctor. He (cure) me completely.
7. My headache alreay (go).
8. I never (use) acupuncture.
9. You ever (taste) this cake?
10. My wound already (heal).
I Read and translate the text.
| Words for learning influenza, plague, fight, infected, incurable, care for, nurs, ward, surgeon, badly wounded |
Medicine in the Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages millions of people died from such diseases as diphtheria, typhoid, fever, influenza and leprosy. But the worst disease at that time was the plague. Plague (the “Black death”) killed millions of people in Europe and Asia. Nobody knew how to fight with the disease and people just ran away from the infected areas. Leprosy was also incurable. Patients with leprosy lived in special colonies away from other people.
The first hospitals appeared in Ceylon in the fifth century b. c. and in India in 260 b. c. During the Middle Ages hospitals were founded in Italy, France, England and other European countries. Monks and nuns cared for patients in hospitals. They were not doctors ornurses and they did not cure patients. They just gave patients food and a bed and said prayers with them. Monks and nuns cared for many patients who had the plague because the patients had to stay in hospital until they died.
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At the same time in the Middle East there were many hospitals. Many doctors and nurses cared for patients there. These doctors also made medicines for patients. They treated everyone who came to them and they taught new doctors and nurses about diseases. There were different wards for different diseases in these hospitals. There were also pools and fountains because doctors thought that the sound of moving water helped patients to rest.
Barbers were the first surgeons. People could go to barber shops where the barbers cut hair. They could also pull out sore teeth. Later barbers started to treat wounds from fights and cut off arms or legs which were badly wounded.
Vocabulary Exercises
I Find the following words and phrases in the text.
Дифтерия, брюшной тиф, лихорадка, грипп, чума, бороться с заболеванием, зараженные территории, неизлечимый, монах, монахиня, заботиться, пациент, медсестра, читать молитвы, изготовлять лекарства, палата, отдыхать, цирюльник, хирург, выдернуть больной зуб, тяжело раненый
II Fill in the blanks.
The worst …. in the Middle Ages was the plague. Nobody knew how to …. with the disease. Monks and …. did not cure patients, they just gave patients food and a bed. Doctors in the Middle Ages made …. from plants. Acupuncture doctors put thin …. into a patients body at special places called …. points.
I Read and translate the text.
| Words for learning inject, blood, develop, invent, pain, surgery, discover, x-rays, vaccine, smallpox |
Scientific developments of the 18th - 20th centuries.
During the 18th century doctors discovered cures for many dangerous diseases such as smallpox (оспа). In 1796 a British doctor Edward Jenner developed a method of “vaccination”. He made smallpox vaccines from cowpox – a disease that cows had. His vaccine stopped thousands of people dying from smallpox. The vaccine is a weak type of a virus or bacteria. When a vaccine is injected to a patient his body starts to make antibodies (substances in the blood that can kill viruses and bacteria). In future the patient who has been vaccinated will not get this disease again because the antibodies in his body will kill viruses or bacteria if they get inside the body.
Later in the 19th century a French chemist Louis Pasteur developed Edward Jenners invention and made a vaccine for hydrophobia. Louis Pasteur is also known as the founder of modern microbiology. He discovered that infection was caused by germs that were spread through the air. He proved that germs could be killed in liquids by heat and developed the process of pasteurisation.
About one thousand years ago doctors in the Middle East started to make anesthetics (drugs which help patients not to feel pain). The first anesthetics were made from plants. Doctors made some plants into medicines for patients to put into their mouth. Later new anesthetics were invented. One of them was cocain which was discovered in the 19th century. Cocain was very effective as a local anesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocain into a certain part of the body and stop the patient feeling pain during the surgery. When the problem of pain was solved surgeons could perform long and complicated operations.
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In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw that the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow of bones on the screen. These rays were unknown to him and he called them X-rays.
During the first part of the 20th century a lot of important advances were made. In 1922 Frederik Banting discovered that insulin was very effective against diabetes. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. It was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds during the Second World War. After penicillin a series of other anti-infectious drugs were discovered. All these drugs are known as antibiotics.
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