Отглагольное существительное и герундий

В английском языке есть три формы с суффиксом -ing: причастие I, отглагольное существительное и герундий. Эти формы важно различать, чтобы суметь найти их эквиваленты в русском языке.

Русский эквивалент причастия I зависит от того, какую функцию выполняет эта форма в предложении.

При переводе на русский язык отглагольного существительного трудностей не возникает, так как в русском языке ему всегда соответствует тоже существительное. Как и обычное существительное, оно может употребляться с артиклем, иметь определение, выраженное прилагательным, иметь форму множественного числа. Чаще всего встречается следующая форма отглагольного существительного – the planning of, т.е. слева стоит определенный артикль, справа предлог of. Например:

The planning of the research is one of the essential tasks.

Планирование исследовательской работы – это одна из основных задач.

Герундий обозначает название процесса. В отличие от отглагольного существительного, за герундием часто следует прямое дополнение, т.е. дополнение без предлога, но переводятся и герундий, и отглагольное существительное одинаково. Например:

Condensation is the cooling of water vapour until it becomes a liquid.

Конденсация – это охлаждение водяного пара до жидкого состояния.

Важно уметь отличить герундий от причастия I, так как их значения различны. В русском языке формы, аналогичной герундию, нет, поэтому герундий можно переводить по-разному, в зависимости от контекста: существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием и глаголом в личной форме, если перед ним имеется притяжательное местоимение или существительное в притяжательном падеже (-'s). На­пример:

In areas where more than 10% of the annual precipitation falls as snow, special methods of measuring snow precipitation and storage are desirable.

В регионах, где более 10% годовых осадков выпадает в виде снега, необходимо использовать специальные методы для измерения / чтобы измерить количество выпавшего снега.

 

Тренировочные упражнения

 

Упражнение 1.

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. After entering the soil the water particle moves downwards.

2. Before considering the development of the earth's oceans and the origin of life in those oceans, we should attempt to gain an understanding of what is known of the relationship of the earth to the cosmos.

3. Human activity, however, has upset the natural way flooding occurs by walling off rivers and straightening their courses.

4. By increasing the acidity of surface waters acid rain can kill fish and other fresh water life.

5. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle" there is no beginning or end.

 

Упражнение 2.

Переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции герундия.

1. Theoretical methods for determining evaporation rates have followed two lines of approach.

2. Fog or low stratus with drizzle result from air mass mixing or warm advection.

3. This method is generally satisfac­tory for routine forecasting.

4. Vertical mixing has the effect of averaging these conditions through the layer affected.

5. Show occurs when the aggregations of ice crystals do not have time to melt before reaching the ground.

 

Упражнение 3.

Преобразуйте сложноподчиненные предложе­ния в простое
с герундиальным оборотом. Предложения пе­реведите.

Образец: When we convert water into ice we do not change its composition. – On (in) converting water into ice we do not change its compo­sition.

1. When minute ice crystals have formed they grow ra­pidly by deposition from vapour.

2. When we subject air to very great pressure and cooling it is possible to transform it to the liquid state.

3. When sea salts burst the air bubbles they enter the atmosphere.

 

Упражнение 4.

Переведите следующие предложения, учиты­вая, что суффикс -ing служит для образования как герун­дия, так и существительного.

1. Hailstones may fall considerable distances without mel­ting.

2. The key to the understanding of condensation lies in the fine balance between these variables.

3. The depression usually achieves its maximum intensity 12 – 24 hours after the beginning of occlusion.

4. Anabatic winds result from greater heating of the valley sides compared with the valley floor.

5. The sky may clear very abruptly even before the pas­sing of the surface cold front.

6. A drop of 1 mm radius falls 42 km before evaporating.

7. Typical wind speeds may be increased where low-level temperature inversion produces a «Venturi effect» in constricting and accelerating the floor.

8. The freezing of supercooled water drops may also produce ice splinters.

 

 

Упражнение 5.

Образуйте герундии, выбрав соответственно глагол:

to vaporize to burst to overcome to understand to define to express to heat to move.

Предложения переведите.

1. Sea salts enter the atmosphere by (разрывая) the air bubbles.

2. Energy is required in (для преодо­ления) intermodular attraction.

3. The rate of (испарения) depends on a number of factors.

4. This is of importance in (понима­ния) the behaviour of upper winds.

5. These forces prevent air from (про­хождение) directly across the isobars.

6. (Нагревание) from below acts to increase air-mass instability.

7. Penman succeeded in (выразить) evaporation losses in terms of four meteo­rological elements.

8. For this purpose he suggested (оп­ределить) а convective condensation level.

 

 

Упражнение 6.

Переведите следующие предложения, учиты­вая, что суффикс -ing служит для образования как герун­дия, так и существительного.

1. This energy is generally provided by the removal of heat from the immediate surroundings causing an apparent heat loss.

2. The mixing ot the differing layers within a single air mass can also produce condensation.

3. The maximum velocity occurs just before sunrise at the time of the maximum diurnal cooling.

4. The displacement of an air parcel causes an increase in its volume and a consequent lowering of its temperature.

5. Such a temperature change, involving no subtraction or addition of heat, is termed adiabatic.

Упражнение 7.

Сравните перевод глагольных форм Gerund In­definite Active, Gerund Indefinite Passive.

It's worth noting... – it’s worth being noted...; it's pro­vided on removing... – it's provided on being removed...; they enter by bursting... – they enter by being burst...; it prevents from heating... – it prevents from being hea­ted...; he objected reading... – he objected to being read...

 

Упражнение 8.

Переведите предложения, учитывая различ­ные употребления
- ing forms.

1. It is worth noting that in the middle latitudes the Coriolis deflection causes turning of a well developed on­shore sea breeze.

2. The advancing cool sea air may form a front.

3. The vertical expansion of the air column occurring daily during the hours of heating, tilts the isobaric sur­faces.

4. At night the air over the sea is warmer because of the downslope winds blowing off the land.

5. A broad grouping can be made according to the mechanism of vertical motion.

6. The stability produced by the effect of surface cooling prevents vertical mixing so that further cooling occurs more slowly.

7. If an air parcel is impelled downwards it will become colder than its surroundings.

8. A well-marked low-level temperature inversion produ­ces a «Venturi effect» in constricting and accelera­ting the flow.

9. Programs aimed at increasing winter snowfall by seeding cyclonic storms regard the rain- (or snow-) making as routine operations.

10. Eventually the mixing and modification necessarily accompanying the air mass movement will cause the rate of energy exchange with surrounding to diminish.

11. This convection is due to the cooling of the fog top by radiation into space.

 

Упражнение 9.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия.

1. In recent times, this has been taken as implying mainly the emission of "greenhouse gases" into the atmosphere, usually by burning fossil fuels.

2. If humans change the composition of the atmosphere, say by burning fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, then more energy goes into the atmosphere than would have otherwise.

3. One author stated that decreased nocturnal cooling may never have been considered in any debate about global warming.

4. While Earth cools much more efficiently at night at the surface, the better cooling does not continue into the upper troposphere very well.

5. The more efficient cooling at night is due almost entirely to the absence of sunlight.

6. During the day, the warming offsets the cooling.

7. Instead of describing the average climate, or even the natural variability of climate, climate change studies try to quantify differences or trends.

8. Much of the interest in studying climate change is motivated by the idea that human activity has changed and will continue to change the climate.

9. When the composition of the atmosphere changes, for example by changing the carbon dioxide concentration, the radiative properties of the atmosphere might also change.

10. We will focus on feedbacks and processes that are thought important in both stabilizing and amplifying changes to the global climate.

11. Conservation of energy means that the total amount of energy does not change, which is equivalent to saying that any energy that is input to the system must be balanced by an outward flux of energy.

Упражнение 10.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия.

1. Clearing up air pollution is one of the principal environmental tasks (aims) of a scientist.

2. Cooling may be caused by radiation by contact with cold surfaces, by mixing masses of air of different temperatures.

3. One method of obtaining salt is allowing water to evaporate.

4. The aim of our expedition was exploring the floor of the Pacific Ocean.

5. The process of changing iron ore into iron takes place in a blast furnace (доменная печь).

6. Nobody knew of their having returned from the expedition.

7. When large ice masses reach the warmer lower altitudes they stop advancing and begin to melt.

8. Going from high to low latitudes involves passing from regions of minimum to regions of maximum chemical weathering.

9. One the 'most important things is providing in­formation for planning and development of safe arid adequate water supply in locations that will serve as populated areas.

10. If the weight of the ground is increased by its being saturated with water during a period of heavy rains or melting snow, it may result in widespread slides.

11. The size of the crystals in an igneous rock de­pends on its rate of cooling.

12. After having studied hundreds of sections of rock we may learn the extent of the area over which a bed was deposited.

13. One of the major aims of man is providing infor­mation for the development of adequate water supplies in locations that will serve as population areas.

14. Estimating the time that has elapsed since the continental glaciers entirely disappeared from Europe and North America is impossible.

 

Упражнение 11.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия.

1. By analysing the statistical properties of hydroiogic records, such as rainfall or river flow hydrologists can estimate future hydroiogic phenomena.

2. With an understanding of how changes in the environment affect the movement of water, hydrologists can also, construct models to predict how these changes will happen in the future.

3. Natural refilling of deep aquifers is a slow process because ground water moves slow through the unsaturated zone and the aquifer.

4. Dams are useful in many ways, such as: providing hydro-electric power; acting as regulator of river flow so as to regulate the occurrence of flooding.

5. Land, lakes, rivers and oceans send up a steady stream of water vapour; this spreads over the surface of the planet before falling down again as precipitation.

6. Trapping of river sediments behind the dams lead to salination and loss of nutrients for down-water fish.

7. Sluice gates provide a means of controlling flow and adjusting river levels.

8. Urbanization increases surface runoff, by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer.

9. Runoff is analyzed by using mathematical models in combination with various water quality sampling methods.

10. Measurements can also be made in batch form by extracting a single water sample and conducting any number of chemical or physical tests on that sample.

11. In the 1950s or earlier mathematical models appeared to calculate quantities of runoff, primarily for flood forecasting.

12. Because of this coarse grid spacing, small-scale (or "sub-grid-scale") phenomena (like individual clouds or even hurricanes) are not explicitly resolved.

13. Parameterizations can be very simple or very complicated, depending on the complexity of the process and the level of understanding of the statistical behavior of the process.

14. Much of the improvement today is directly related to improving parameterizations, either by incorporating more elaborate rules to match measured quantities better or by using more sophisticated theoretical arguments for how the physics should work.

 

Сложные формы инфинитива

В английском языке имеется несколько форм инфинитива:

	Active	Passive
Simple	to use	to be used
Continuous	to be using
Perfect	to have used	to have been used

Сложные формы инфинитива используются в инфинитивных конструкциях «сложное дополнение» и «сложное подлежащее»,
а также после модальных глаголов.

В конструкциях «сложное дополнение» и «сложное подлежащее» пассивный инфинитив употребляется для обозначения действия, направленного на существительное, образующее данную конструкцию.

Перфектно-пассивный инфинитив обозначает действие, которое уже совершили с существительным, входящим в конструкции «сложное дополнение» и «сложное подлежащее». Например:

Продолженный инфинитив обозначает длительное незаконченное действие, происходящее одновременно с действием, выражаемым сказуемым.

 

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