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Инфинитив в функции подлежащего
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Если предложение начинается с инфинитива, за которым следует глагол-сказуемое, то этот инфинитив является подлежащим и переводится на русский язык глаголом в неопределенной форме или существительным. Например:
То assess the total water storage on the Earth reliably is a complicated problem because water is so very dynamic.
1. Точно оценить все запасы воды на Земле сложно, так как вода очень динамична.
2. Точная оценка всех запасов воды на Земле – это сложная проблема, т.к. вода очень динамична.
Такой инфинитив вместе с уточняющими словами образует группу подлежащего, заканчивающуюся глаголом-сказуемым
(в приведенном примере is).
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели и следствия
Инфинитив (или инфинитивная группа с уточняющими ее словами), находясь в начале предложения, может выполнять и другую функцию: он может быть не подлежащим, а обстоятельством цели. Такой инфинитив часто вводится союзом in order (чтобы, для того, чтобы). Например,
In order to control the flow, store water or extract energy dams may be built.
Для того чтобы контролировать поток, накапливать воду или получать энергию, могут быть построены дамбы.
Итак, инфинитив в начале предложения переводится на русский язык либо неопределенной формой глагола (если это инфинитив в функции подлежащего), либо неопределенной формой глагола с союзом чтобы (если это инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели).
Сравните:
То control the flow, store water or extract energy is a difficult problem.
To control the flow, store water or extract energy dams may be built.
Следовательно, обнаружив в начале предложения инфинитив, надо сначала попытаться перевести его, не добавляя союза чтобы (в первом примере: «Контролировать поток, накапливать воду и получать энергию – это сложная задача»). Если это не удается (во втором примере), значит, следует добавить союз чтобы. «Чтобы контролировать поток, накапливать воду и получать энергию, можно построить дамбы».
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Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели может находиться не только в начале предложения, но и после дополнения или обстоятельства, причем союз in order и в этом случае опускается. Например:
No definite rule can be given relative to the number of years required to establish a satisfactory average.
Нет единого правила относительно количества лет, необходимых чтобы определить удовлетворяющее всех среднее показание.
Инфинитив в предложении также выполняет функцию обстоятельства следствия и переводится неопределенной формой русского глагола с союзом чтобы (для того, чтобы) после слов enough (достаточно) и too (слишком).
Тренировочные упражнения
Упражнение 1.
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:
1. Through geological ages various factors may combine in various ways to produce considerable changes in the relative amounts of insolation received in different parts of the world.
2. The problem is to find the relationship between the observed data and the effect of changing stage.
3. To explain the phenomenon on time was very important.
4. Removal of bogs, swamps and other wetlands in order to produce farmland has reduced the absorption zones for excess water and made floods into sudden disasters rather than gradual increases in water flow.
5. The water in the apple you ate yesterday may have fallen as rain half-way around the world last year or could have been used 100 million years ago by Mama Dinosaur to give her baby a bath.
18. Инфинитивный оборот
for + существительное/местоимение + инфинитив
Оборот «for + существительное (личное местоимение в объектном падеже) + инфинитив» является в предложении подлежащим, если употребляется после слов it is necessary / important / possible и т.п. или обстоятельством следствия после слов too (слишком), enough (достаточно) или обстоятельством цели. Во всех случаях инфинитивный оборот соответствует русскому придаточному предложению с союзом чтобы, а инфинитив в таком придаточном предложении переводится сказуемым. Например:
There must be space between the rock particles for ground water to occur, and the Earth's material becomes denser with more depth.
Для того чтобы грунтовые воды появились, необходимо расстояние между частицами горных пород, и с глубиной состав Земли становится плотнее.
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Тренировочные упражнения
Упражнение 1.
1. It is not unusual for the entire summer precipitation to be held in the upper layers of soil as capillary water, or to run off into the streams over the surface of the ground.
2. The information was too scarce for us to rely upon it.
3. It is important for the society to use its resources effectively.
Инфинитив в функции определения
Инфинитив или инфинитивная группа, следующие за существительным, могут являться определением к этому существительному.
Инфинитив в функции определения переводится на русский язык различными способами:
1. Инфинитив переводится неопределенной формой русского глагола. Например:
The wish to personally preserve and improve the world, often a strong motivation for those who chose scientific careers, is not restricted to supporters of environmental regulations.
Желание сохранить и усовершенствовать мир, часто сильная мотивация для избравших научную стезю, относится не только к сторонникам экологических преобразований.
2. Инфинитиву соответствует в русском языке определительное придаточное предложение, начинающееся словами который будет или который должен. Сказуемое такого придаточного предложения обозначает действие, которое должно произойти в будущем. Инфинитив, переводимый придаточным предложением, чаще всего имеет пассивную форму (to be used, to be developed и т.п.). Например:
There are several key surface features to be considered when making a forecast.
Существует несколько ключевых характеристик поверхности, которые следует принять во внимание при составлении прогноза.
3. Инфинитиву соответствует в русском языке определительное придаточное предложение, начинающееся словами который может. Сказуемое такого придаточного предложения обозначает действие, которое можно произвести с определяемым существительным. Инфинитив имеет, как правило, пассивную форму. Например:
Pollution control is largely an engineering problem to be solved by strict laws.
Проблема контроля загрязнения – это во многом техническая проблема, которую можно решить при помощи строгих законов.
Тренировочные упражнения
Упражнение 1.
1. Snow and strong winds disrupted transportation networks in many parts of the country on 17 December with a warning of more snow to come, according to the Meteorological Agency.
2. The effectiveness of upwelling and its ability to support abundant sea life is greatly dependant upon the depth of the thermocline.
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3. Sediment is sorted by current and wave action which generally leave the sand to be transported along the shore to form beach deposits.
4. For some problems in oceanography and air-sea interaction, the surface area and the average depth of adjacent seas are important factors to be considered.
5. A drought is a period of dryness of sufficient length and severity to cause partial or complete crop failure.
Упражнение 2.
Переведите предложения, принимая во внимание различные функции инфинитива.
1. The change in state from liquid to vapour requires energy to be expanded.
2. To maintain a pure water drop of radius 10~7 cm requires a relative humidity of 320%.
3. The process of growth of water droplets is far from simple and much remains to be explained.
4. The gradual process of condensation is inadequate to explain the rates of formation of raindrops.
5. The faster molecules will generally be the first to escape.
6. To evaporate 1 g of water at 0° С the latent heat of vaporization is 600 calories.
7. Essentially the method is to measure the percolation through an enclosed block of soil with a vegetation cover.
8. The simplest way to visualize the manner in which this deflecting force operates is to picture a rotating disc on which moving objects are deflected.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите предложения, учитывая функции инфинитива.
1. The equator provides the energy supply necessary to drive the planetary atmospheric circulation.
2. The conversion of heat energy into kinetic energy to produce motion must involve rising and descending air.
3. The simplest way to begin to visualize the manner in which this deflecting force operates is to picture a rotating disc on which moving objects are defecting.
4. The distribution of the physical properties of air masses has been shown to be considerably modified.
5. A wind vane to indicate direction should be free from friction.
6. The higher the wind speed the greater the current generated, and the meter is marked to show the wind speed in knots.
7. Admiral Beaufort devised a scale to describe the effect of various wind strengths.
8. The effect of the wind on the surface of the sea was also used by sailors to estimate the wind strength.
Упражнение 4.
Определите функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The earliest attempts to determine the rate of ground-water recharge were probably those of Perralt and Mariotte in the drainage basin of the Seine in the 17th century.
2. In occasional years the runoff may be sufficient to carry the lake through the entire season.
3. Better management plans to make the best use of the available water supply.
4. To efficiency utilize groundwater we must understand its history, where it comes from, where it goes, how much there is and what it is carrying.
5. Though the results of this study obviously have to be generalized it appears that chemical changes in the groundwaters can be related to changes in the geology.
6. In order to determine the maximum yield from a well, results of progressive development work must be evaluated to plot any improvements being made.
7. To provide firm domestic supplies a few 500-gallons tanks were installed.
Упражнение 5.
Переведите предложения, принимая во внимание различные функции инфинитива.
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1. If man has built a dam to hinder a river's flow, the lake that forms is a reservoir.
2. It is not always accessible, or fresh enough for use without treatment, and it's sometimes difficult to locate or to measure and describe.
3. Since it is more difficult for the water to go any deeper, it tends to pool in the porous layers and flow in a more horizontal direction across the aquifer toward an exposed surface-water body, like a river.
4. If the aquifers are porous enough to allow water to move freely through it, people can drill wells into the aquifer and use the water for their purposes.
5. Groundwater is believed to provide lubrication and buoyancy which allow thrust faults to move.
6. The temperature of groundwater averages out climactic fluctuations to maintain relatively steady temperature.
7. In many cases, during hot weather, groundwater is cool enough to be used as is, say to b simply pumped through radiators in a home, then returned to the ground in another well.
Упражнение 6.
Переведите предложения, принимая во внимание различные функции инфинитива.
1. The term anthropogenic climate change is used to attribute changes in Earth's climate to activities of humans.
2. Because greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation, they act to warm the planet.
3. This effect is a useful way to understand the greenhouse effect, and can be easily applied to changing climates.
4. Also, the argument seems to imply that increased nocturnal activity by humans makes the cooling less efficient, but it is an extremely small effect.
5. To derive the temperature, consider the amount of energy reaching the distance from the sun to Earth, i.e. the solar constant.
6. The equations that govern how fluids move in time and space (Navier-Stokes Equations) are complicated to solve, and when all the scales of motion and physical processes (radiative transfer, precipitation, etc) are incorporated, the resulting problem is impossible to carry out analytically.
7. The ultimate goal of climate models is to represent all physical processes that are important for the evolution of the climate system.
8. Climate modeling is limited to truly modeling the system; simplifying assumptions and empirical laws are used, the resolved motions are chosen to match the problem and/or the computing resources, and other processes are parameterized.
9. When the radiative heating of the column brings the lapse rate beyong a critical or threshold lapse rate, a "convective adjustment" is used to reduce the instability.
10. To verify their own climate model calculations, the researchers first simulated the climate of the last century and compared the results with the real climate.
11. Some people, for a variety of reasons, claim to have found faults with the hypothesis that humans are affecting Earth's climate.
Упражнение 7.
Переведите предложения, принимая во внимание различные функции инфинитива.
1. То help them better convey forecasts and warnings in a clear, targeted and effective manner, workshop participants have been receiving guidance in modern presentation techniques used in television, radio, newspapers and on the Internet. The main objective is to alert people to weather conditions in Thailand in a timely and easily understandable fashion.
2. The meeting aims to improve observing systems, data-processing and forecasting systems, public weather services, telecommunication systems, and other components of the WWW for efficient and effective exchange and dissemination of data and information, including early warnings.
3. On 7 December 2005, Mr Suparerk Tansriratanawong, Director-General of the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), signed an agreement with the national TV channel to provide weather forecasts to the public.
4. To be sure, knowledge of aerosols was so uncertain, and the normal fluctuations in climate were so great, that the volcano "experiment" could not prove anything for certain.
5. They continued to offer hand-waving models to suggest how the interaction might behave.
6. Any tiny initial error in the physics or climate data tended to accumulate, adding up through the millions of numerical operations to give an impossible final result.
7. It was good enough to confirm the long-held assumption that ice and snow albedo were indeed important for sustaining an ice age.
8. This program was largely overtaken by much more detailed data deduced from studies of ocean floor mud, data precise enough to combine with computer models of climate.
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9. By the early 1980s, some scientists found the risk of climate change great enough to justify an effort to work out preliminary answers.
10. Monitoring programs are required to detect and measure changes in biodiversity, to better understand functional linkages in ecosystems and to evaluate the success or failure of conservation and sustainable use policies and programs.
11. Effective monitoring programs must be integrated and ecologically-based in order to determine and implement appropriate management practices.
12. Environmental protection is an issue of interest to many people with both converging and diverging interests to uphold.
13. The dynamic that exists between the general public, politics and the economic community is not easy to coordinate.
14. It must also be flexible enough to be able to respond to new challenges such as climate change, which could result in changing groundwater levels and unexpected stresses on the groundwater resource.
15. Experts in urban climatology will be meeting in Goteborg, Sweden, 12-16 June 2006, to discuss application of knowledge of the atmosphere and urban environments for the better design and operation of settlements.
Упражнение 8.
Переведите предложения, принимая во внимание различные функции инфинитива.
1. Recent decades could not be called normal by any standard of the past, and he saw no reason to expect the next decades would be "normal" either.
2. Hundreds of thousands of earthquake survivors still require shelter and food to help them endure what has been forecast as a bitter winter.
3. With air moving away from this region, air must sink from above to replace it.
4. There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast.
5. "There is nothing to suggest that an end to the speculation on climatic change is in sight," he sighed. "It seems that we have a long way to go before the correct answer can be affirmed."
6. By the mid 1970s, everyone understood that it was hopeless to try to understand how climate changed by looking at just one or another feature, or even several features: you had to take into account all the mutually interacting forces at once.
7. Relying not only on his computer model work but also on elementary physical arguments, he explained that global warming was liable to bring more frequent storms and floods as well as life-threatening heat waves.
8. Although those campaigns had been discredited after a decade or two, fair-minded people were ready to listen to the global warming skeptics.
9. Further speculations came from amateur meteorologists, who were not yet easy to distinguish from professionals.
10. It is usual to estimate the quantity of water found in the so-called hydrosphere.
11. Based on water exchange characteristics, two concepts are often used in hydrology and water management to assess the water resources in a region: the static storage component and the renewable waters.
12. In practice, it is the value of river runoff that is used to estimate water availability and/or deficit in water resources for this or that region.
13. Infiltration constitutes the sole source of water to sustain the growth of vegetation and it helps to sustain the ground water supply to wells, springs and streams.
14. Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of future water movement and quantity.
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