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Impacts on host countries. Impacts on countries of origin. Are countries obligated to take in refugees?
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Impacts on host countries
Positive
Job vacancies and skills gaps can be filled.
Economic growth can be sustained.
Services to an ageing population can be maintained when there are insufficient young people locally.
The pension gap can be filled by the contributions of new young workers and they also pay taxes.
Immigrants bring energy and innovation.
Host countries are enriched by cultural diversity.
Failing schools (and those with falling numbers) can be transformed.
Negative
Depression of wages may occur but this seems to be temporary.
Having workers willing to work for relatively low pay may allow employers to ignore productivity, training and innovation.
Migrants may be exploited.
Increases in population can put pressure on public services.
Unemployment may rise if there are unrestricted numbers of incomers.
There may be integration difficulties and friction with local people.
Large movements of people lead to more security monitoring.
Ease of movement may facilitate organised crime and people trafficking.
Impacts on countries of origin
Positive
Developing countries benefit from remittances (payments sent home by migrants) that now often outstrip foreign aid.
Unemployment is reduced and young migrants enhance their life prospects.
Returning migrants bring savings, skills and international contacts.
Negative
Economic disadvantage through the loss of young workers
Loss of highly trained people, especially health workers
Social problems for children left behind or growing up without a wider family circle.
ARE COUNTRIES OBLIGATED TO TAKE IN REFUGEES?
Hundreds of thousands of migrants are pounding on Europe's invisible doors -- dirty, exhausted and desperate to escape the daily carnage in their homelands.
But their arrival also puts a strain on European resources.
At the same time, several oil-rich Arab nations closer to the conflict zones have come under harsh criticism because they've taken in virtually no refugees.
So are countries obligated to house refugees? If so, why?
For the most part, it boils down to an international treaty.
The 1951 Refugee Convention was adopted after World War II, when hundreds of thousands of refugees were displaced across Europe.
The treaty defines what refugees are -- those who is seeking refuge from persecution. It also gives them a very important right -- the right to not be sent back home into harm's way, except under extreme circumstances.
" Since, by definition, refugees are not protected by their own governments, the international community steps in to ensure they are safe and protected, " said the United Nations' refugee agency.
The treaty was amended in 1967, in part to include refugees from around the world.
And according to the provisions, " refugees deserve, as a minimum, the same standards of treatment enjoyed by other foreign nationals in a given country and, in many cases, the same treatment as nationals, " the United Nations' refugee agency said.
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The agency said more than 50 million refugees have been resettled.
Who has signed on to the treaty?
Over the past several decades, 142 states have signed on to both the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 protocol.
Hungary is one of the signatories. But it has been criticized by migrants and activists who say refugees are left in decrepit conditions as they await transfer. Now, Hungary is erecting a fence at the Serbian border to help control the flow of migrants.
Countries outside of Europe are also stepping up to handle the current flood of refugees. Venezuela, which signed on to the 1967 protocol, said it will take in 20, 000 refugees. Australia said it has absorbed 4, 500 refugees from Syria and Iraq over the past year.
Noticeably absent from the list: the Gulf states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates.
The vast majority of refugees come from three countries: Iraq, where migrants are fleeing the brutality of ISIS; Afghanistan, which has been devastated by war; and Syria, where civilians are grappling with both ISIS and indiscriminate attacks in the country's civil war.
What rights do refugees have?
In addition to not getting sent back to their home countries, refugees have several other rights, including:
- The right to not be punished for illegally entering countries that signed on to the treaty
- The right to housing and work
- Access to education and public assistance
- The right to get identification and travel documents
Why aren't Gulf countries taking in refugees?
Since oil-rich Gulf states are close to Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, they'd help absorb some of the refugees, right? Wrong.
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates have each given millions of dollars to the United Nations to help Syrian refugees. But they haven't housed any of them, according to Amnesty International.
" We've been asking that not only the borders of the region are open, but that all other borders -- especially in the developed world -- are also open, " said Antonio Guterres, U. N. High Commissioner for Refugees.
Abdul Khaleq Abdulla, a retired professor from United Arab Emirates University, said Gulf states have security on their minds.
" Having refugees feeds into the violence in the region, which is already the most violent region on Earth. So all in all, anything that goes in the neighborhood impacts the security and the stability of the Arab Gulf states who are by far the most stable and the most secure. "
And those Gulf states aren't party to the international treaty -- so technically, they don't have to help.
The BBC
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