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ГЛОССАРИЙ
АГОНИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ. Формы поведения, связанные с конфликтами между живыми организмами. Включает агрессию, изоляцию (избегание), подчинение.
АГРЕССИЯ. Приближение к противнику и нанесение какого-либо вреда, или, по крайней мере, генерация стимулов, побуждающих противника подчиниться (Н. Тинберген). Адресованное другой особи поведение, которое может привести к нанесению повреждений и часто связано с установлением превосходства, получением доступа к определенным объектам или права на какую-то территорию (Р. Хайнд).
АЛЬТРУИЗМ ВЗАИМНЫЙ (РЕЦИПРОКНЫЙ). Самопожертвование ради родственного или неродственного индивида, если только последний готов к аналогичной жертве. Косвенный взаимный альтруизм (indirect reciprocal altruism) реализуется при посредничество наблюдающих за взаимодействием двух индивидов «третьих лиц», в дальнейшем награждающих помогающего индивида репутацией честного помощника, которому следует всячески помогать при необходимости.
АЛЬТРУИЗМ РОДСТВЕННЫЙ. Самопожертвование особи ради близкого родича. Тем самым индивид способствует сохранению в популяции генов, общих для него и для этого родича, повышая совокупную приспособленность (см.).
АНТРОПОЦЕНТРИЗМ. Установка на верховенства человека на планете, наделение человека исключительными правами, отношение к остальному населению Земли (биосу) как совокупности ресурсов, подлежащих эксплуатации со стороны человека.
АФИЛИАЦИЯ. Взаимное притяжение особей одного вида, группы, семьи друг к другу.
БИОКУЛЬТУРА. Термин употреблен в смысле: весь важный для современного человека и общества багаж связанных с биологией знаний и ценностей (А. Влавианос-Арванитис).
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ. Система мер по преодолению биологической неграмотности. Преподавание основ биологии и ее важных для социума приложений, в перспекиве необходимое для всего населения в масштабах планеты.
БИОПОЛИТИКА. Всясовокупность социально-политических приложения наук о живом, в плане как политической теории, так и практической политики. В более узком понимании (А.Сомит, Х. Флор и др.) -- применение подходов, теорий и методов биологических наук в политологии.
БИОПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА (Биополитическая подсистема биосоциальной системы). Элементклетки, многоклеточного организма, биосоциальной системы, который непосредственно отвечает за регуляцию поведения системы, «целеполагание» (например, принятие решения о маршруте миграции группы обезьян и о пункте назначения), управляющую коммуникацию. Биополитическая система может быть воплощена в лидере, в высокоранговых особях, выступающих в роли «контролирующих животных», в неиерархических факторах социальной координации (таких как поле диффузных сигнальных агентов). Функциональный аналог политической системы человеческого общества.
БИОСЕМИОТИКА. Междисциплинарная область… исследований, анализирующая коммуникацию и значения, смыслы в живых системах (Hoffmeyer, 1998). Распространение на все живое традиционной семиотики ( науки о знаковых системах в человеческом обществе).
БИОСОЦИАЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА. Биосоциальные системы -- объединения особей, характеризующееся афилиацией и кооперацией. Гамма взаимодействий между особями в такой системе может быть описана с позиций «биосоциального архетипа» (Ю.М. Плюснин), включающего отношения по поводу индивидуального существования, воспроизводства, упорядочивания биосоциальной системы и ее консолидации.
БИОТЕОЛОГИЯ. Направление гуманитарной биологии, посвященное религиозным аспектам живого как священного Божьего дара (А. Влавианос-Арванитис). Родственный характер носит термин христианская биополитика (К. Котен).
БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ. Промышленное использование биологических процессов и агентов на основе получения форм микроорганизмов, культур клеток и тканей растений и животных с заданными свойствами, т.е. как применение микробных, животных или растительных клеток или ферментов для производства, расщепления или преобразования материалов.
БИОФИЛОСОФИЯ. Раздел философии, занимающийся анализом и объяснением закономерностей развития основных направлений комплекса наук о живом (Лисеев, 2004. С.85).
БИОЦЕНТРИЗМ. Установка на абсолютную ценность живого во всех его формах, на этическое восприятие живого, на понимание человека и человечества как части планетарного биоса (жизни, см. Гусев, 1991а, б; Влавианос-Арванитис, Олескин, 1993). В более специальном смысле – описание поведения (или других характеристик) живого существа на основе попытки проникновение в присущую этому существу модель вспринимаемого мира («в мире стрекозы есть только стрекозиные вещи», Meyer-Abich, 1990), избегая аналогий с человеческим поведением и восприятием окружающего (Chebanov, 1998).
БИОЭТИКА. Биоэтика – философски-прикладная область знания, охватывающая отношение человека к животным, а также проблемы, возникшие недавно в связи с бурным развитием биотехнологии и биомедицинских исследований (А.С. Лукьянов). В глобальном понимании включает принципы отношения ко всему живому и его среде обитания (экологическая этика).
БИОЭСТЕТИКА. Учениео прекрасном, его законах и нормах в живой природе, в том числе в восприятии человека как части биоса (Ботвинко, 2006).
БИХЕВИОРИЗМ. (англ. behaviour – поведение). Направление в биологии и гуманитарных науках, посвященное поведению живых существ, включая человека. Характерной для раннего бихевиоризма (например, для работ Дж. Уотсона и Б. Скиннера, начиная с 10--20-х годов ХХ века) была так называемая модель «чёрного ящика»: живое существо уподоблялось автомату, дававшему на каждый предложенный экспериментатором стимул (С) вполне определённый ответ (О, модель стимул—ответ, С—О).
БИХЕВИОР АЛ ИЗМ (англ. behavioral – относящийся к поведению, поведенческий). Направление в биологии и гуманитарных науках, посвященное поведению живых существ, включая человека. По контрасту с бихевиоризмом, сторонники бихевиор ал изма исходили из того, что организм (биологический или социальный) реагирует на один и тот же стимул по-разному, в зависимости от своего внутреннего состояния (В). Постулируется модель стимул–внутреннее состояние организма—ответ (С—В—О). Бихевиорализм фактически приближается по методологии к этологии (см.) в ее современных модификациях.
БЮРОКРАТИЯ. Организация (или система организаций), построенная на базе принципов единоначалия и жесткой иерархии, узкой специализации и формализации отношений между членами организации.
ВЛАСТЬ. Способностьи право одних индивидов или групп в человеческом обществе осуществлять свою волю в отношении других. Частный случай более общей категории доминирования (см.).
ГЛОКАЛИЗМ (англ glocal = global + local). В культурном и философском смысле – мировоззрение, опирающееся на идею диалектического единства глобального и локального, мкаро- и микрокосма. В политическом смысле – современная тенденция к размыванию политических структур уровня национального государства, основанная на двух взаимодополняющих процессах: 1) Усилении роли местных социальных и политических структур; 2) Укреплении структур надгосударственного уровня – вплоть до всемирных организаций.
ГОРМОНЫ. В животном организме – информационные вещества, переносимые с током крови к клеткам-мишеням во всех частях тела. Гормоны вырабатываются эндокринной системой, включающей несколько основных желез внутренней секреции (эндокр<
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