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Валовой внутренний продукт




Устный перевод 5 курс

 

Macroeconomics

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык следующий текст

Most people think that the soundness of macroeconomic policies should be judged by their efficacy in meeting the objectives of steady growth, full employment, stable prices, and a viable external payment situation. What people debate about are the links between macroeconomics and economic structure – and in the current environment, the openness to foreign capital flows. As developing countries become more integrated into international financial markers, volatility may become an increasing fact of life. Faced with such volatility, how should these countries frame their macroeconomic management? In many developing countries, the openness of the capital account has been significant. Many countries have made the transition toward an open-economic paradigm. As a result, fluctuations in international capital and currency markets, as well as shifts in foreign investors’ attitudes and confidence, have greatly affected local stock market prices, the level of foreign exchange reserves, and the scope for monetary and interest rate policy. Capital controls and foreign restrictions have been significantly dismantled in a number of developing and transition economies.

 

Does financial integration make it more difficult to achieve macroeconomic stability? Apparently not, on the whole, although at times large short-term capital flows can lead to misaligned asset prices, including exchange rates. What financial integration does do is limit how far countries can pursue policies incompatible with medium-term financial stability. The disciplining effect of global financial and product markets applies not only to policymakers – though pressures on financial markets – but also to the private sector. Rather than constrain the pursuit of appropriate policies, globalization may add leverage and flexibility to such policies, easing financing constraints and extending the time during which countries can make adjustments. But markers will provide the leeway only if they perceive that countries are undertaking adjustments that address fundamental imbalances.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания, используя эквивалентные экономические термины.

Steady growth.............................

Full employment...........................

External payments..........................

Foreign capital flows........................

Foreign exchange restrictions..................

Foreign exchange reserves.....................

Exchange rates..............................

Open-economic paradigm.....................

Monetary and interest rate policy....................

Macroeconomic policies.........................

Macroeconomic management......................

Macroeconomic stability........................

Medium-term financial stability...................

Short-term financial stability.......................

International financial markets.....................

Capital and currency markets......................

Stock market prices...............................

Stable prices.....................................

Упражнение 3. Передайте на русском языке содержание текста упр. 1 как можно ближе к оригиналу, опираясь на словосочетания упр.2.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на слух по предложению следующий отрывок.

 

Buyers would rather pay less than more, and sellers would rather get more than less. When buyers control the market, the price tends to be relatively lower – good for buyers, bad for sellers. When sellers control the market, the price tends to be relatively higher – good for sellers, bad for buyers. Usually buyers have a maximum price that they are willing and able to pay for a product. This maximum can be called the demand price. Buyers would rather pay a lower price than a higher one. In fact, buyers would be just as happy if they could buy a product at a price of zero, or nothing. Usually, sellers are willing and able to supply a product if the price is enough to cover their production cost. This minimum can be called the supply price. In general, if the price is too low and does not give sellers enough revenue to cover cost, then they can’t supply the product. Of course, suppliers will occasionally sell goods at price less than cost, and eat the loss. This practice, however, won’t keep them in business very long. Sellers are more than thrilled if the price is above the production cost. The higher the price, the more ecstatic are the sellers. In fact, there is no limit as to how ecstatic sellers would like to be. The market control results from the number of competitors in the market. If buyers have fewer competitors than the sellers, they tend to have relatively more market control. If sellers have fewer competitors than the buyers, they tend to have relatively more market control.

 

Упражнение 5. Подберите из правой колонки английские эквиваленты к русским словосочетаниям, помещенным в левой колонке.

1. валовой внутренний продукт a. overheated economy

2. потребительские расходы b. public saving

3. перегретая экономика c. rate of economic growth

4. текущая ценность d. social benefits

5. уровень безработицы e. Gross National Product

6. темпы экономического роста f. consumption spending

7. акции высокодоходных компаний g. medium of exchange

8. норма обязательных резервов h. Gross Domestic Product

9. общественные сбережения i. transaction costs

10. совокупный спрос j. blue chips

11.валовой национальный продукт k. labour force

12.невидимая рука рынка l. required reserve ratio

13. операционные издержки m. invisible hand of market

14. средства обращения n. present value

15. социальные трансфертные выплаты o. aggregate demand

16. рабочая сила p. rate of unemployment

 

Упражнение 6. Переведите на слух по абзацам следующий текст, повторяя перевод предыдущего абзаца, сделанный вашим коллегой (перевод с повторением). При необходимости письменно фиксируйте вызывающие сложности единицы.

An expected bout of profit-taking and a larger-than-expected decline in consumer confidence pressured stocks, but the market still managed to hang on to most of its huge rally. Tech stocks had a small advance while blue chips dipped lower.

Analysts said that although investors are still wary that stocks will fall again, they were reassured by news that the President had signed into law legislation that toughens penalties for corporate fraud.

“This pullback that we’re getting is great. This is not panic, just a healthy rest. At least on a short-term basis we’re starting to feel better.”

The Dow Jones industrial average closed down 31.85, or 0.4 percent, at 8,680.03. Over the previous four sessions, the Dow had regained 1,009 of the 2,650.74 points lost in more than two months of selling.

Broader stock indicators closed modestly higher. The high-tech focused Nasdaq composite index advances 8.94, or 0.7 percent, to 1,344.19, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 index rose 3.82, or 0.4 percent, to 902.78. It was the S & P’s first close above 900 in nearly two weeks.

The mixed finish followed a session in which stocks alternated between gains and losses as investors tried to figure out where the market will go next. Before last week, stocks had been in a solid selloff. But the market’s advance has raised hopes that the worst is over.

Still, analysts hesitated to say a turnaround had begun. They noted that numerous rallies have fizzled during the past two years, and that could still happen too this one. Indeed, stocks tended to succumb to selling whenever they made a moderate advance.

“The market is taking a pause today. We’re still at a very early stage of trying to define and solidify a market bottom, and it’s too early to say we’re recovering.”

Japan’s Nikkei stock average rose 3.5 percent. In Europe< Germany’s DAX 30 index advances 0.5 percent, Britain’s FTSE 100 slipped 0.5 percent, and France’s CAC 40 lost 0.5 percent.

 

Упражнение 7. Переведите устно на английский язык следующие словосочетания.

Национальный доход.....................................

Совокупное предложение.................................

Совокупное потребление..................................

Общий уровень цен.......................................

Уровень занятости.......................................

Экономический цикл......................................

Ставка процента.........................................

Рынок заемных средств...................................

Рынок ценных бумаг.....................................

Денежное обращение.....................................

Платежный баланс........................................

Валютный курс...........................................

Государственный долг....................................

Государственный бюджет.................................

Финансирование бюджетного дефицита.....................

Принципы экономической политики........................

Ускорение темпов экономического роста....................

Внутренние инвестиции и сбережения......................

 

Упражнение 8. Ознакомьтесь самостоятельно со следующими экономическими понятиями. Передайте письменно на английском языке ключевую информацию, касающуюся каждого понятия, при необходимости используйте специализированные словари.

Валовой внутренний продукт

Совокупная стоимость всех конечных товаров и услуг, произведенных в экономике (внутри страны) в течение одного года.

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