Renal failure

Phonetic exercise: urine [‘juə rin], urinary [‘juə rinri], excretory [eks’kri: tə ri], ureters [juə ‘ri: tə z], urethra [juə ‘ri: θ rə ], failure [‘feilə ], urination [, juə ‘ri’nei∫ n], renal failure [‘ri: nl ‘feiljə ], acute [ə ‘kju: t], chronic [‘kr nik], adequately [‘æ dikwə tli], injury [’ind3ə ri], diabetes [, daiə ’bi: ti: z], urea [‘juə ri; ə ], nocturnal [n k’tə: nl], urination [, juə ri‘nei∫ n], excess [ik’ses], hyperplasia [, haipə ‘plei∫ iə ], accidents [‘æ ksidə nts], injury [‘ind3ə ri], supply [sə ‘plai], approximately [ə ‘pr ksimə tli], damage [‘dæ mid3], pressure [‘pre∫ ə ], intravenous [, intrə ‘vi: nə s], dialysis [dai’æ lə sis], transplant [træ n’spla: nt, tr n’spla: nt] 

Make a report on renal failure according to the plan below:

Definition: a situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately.

Classification: two forms of renal failure: acute (acute kidney injury) and chronic (chronic kidney disease).

Causes of acute kidney failure: the result of a sudden interruption in the blood supply to the kidney, or as a result of a toxic overload of the kidneys. Some causes of acute failure: accidents, injuries or complications from surgery where the kidneys are deprived of normal blood flow for an extended period of time, heart-bypass surgery, drug overdoses, whether accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, etc.

Causes of chronic kidney disease: diabetes mellitus, long-standing, uncontrolled, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, overuse of some common drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, codeine and acetaminophen, etc.

Epidemiology: Acute kidney injury is common among hospitalized patients. It affects some 3-7% of patients admitted to the hospital and approximately 25-30% of patients in the intensive care unit.

In Canada, 1. 9 to 2. 3 million people have chronic kidney disease. UK estimates suggest that 8. 8% of the population of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have symptomatic CKD.

Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: no symptoms; but if the kidney failure continues then symptoms will become noticeable; symptoms of kidney failure: high levels of urea in the blood; vomiting and/or diarrhea, which may lead to dehydration; nausea; weight loss; nocturnal urination; foamy or bubbly urine; more frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine; less frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine; blood in the urine; pressure, or difficulty urinating; itching; bone damage; muscle cramps (caused by low levels of calcium which can cause hypocalcaemia); a build up of potassium in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called hyperkalemia): abnormal heart rhythms, muscle paralysis; failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause: swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face and/or hands, shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia), polycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver: pain in the back or side; feeling tired and/or weak, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, low blood pressure; other symptoms: appetite loss, a bad taste in the mouth, difficulty sleeping, darkening of the skin, etc.

Treatment of acute kidney failure: avoidance of substances that are toxic to the kidneys, called nephrotoxins; monitoring of renal function, urinary catheters; specific therapies: intravenous fluids, steroid medications, nephrostomy or urinary catheter, diuretics, renal replacement therapy, etc.

Treatment of chronic kidney failure: control of blood pressure and treatment of the original disease; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs); replacement therapy: in the form of either dialysis or a transplant; dietary modifications, etc.

Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation: the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease.