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Chapter contents. Marie Segrave and Sanja Milivojevic. Introduction
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CHAPTER CONTENTS
· Introduction 342
· Human Trafficking Defined 343
¡ Background to the development of the Protocol 344
¡ The impact of the Trafficking Protocol 345
¡ What we know about human trafficking 346
· Research on Human Trafficking 347
¡ Research design 348
¡ Researching by talking: interview-based research 349
¡ Ethics: being prepared 350
¡ Accessing participants 352
· Documentary Analysis 354
¡ Policy and law 354
¡ Media: fictional accounts of human trafficking 355
· Summary and Review 356
· Study Questions and Activities for Students 356
· Suggestions for Further Reading 358
· References 358
GLOSSARY TERMS
qualitative research research design
semi-structured interviews discourse analysis
USING IN - DEPTH INTERVIEWING AND DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS IN CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
MarIe Segrave and Sanja MIlIvojevIc
INTRODUCTION
Human trafficking is an issue that encapsulates a broad range of exploitative prac- tices. It is a hugely complex, morally charged and politicized phenomenon. It is an area of interest to researchers from many disciplines including but not limited to criminology, victimology, sociology, psychology, migration studies international relations, politics, refugee studies, gender studies, critical race studies and anthro- pology. Work published across these fields interrogates how we understand and define human trafficking (Dragiewicz, 2015), the extent and the nature of human trafficking (Andreas and Greenhill, 2010), the implementation of law and policy (Outshoorn, 2015), the strategies to prevent human trafficking and their impact/s (Doezema, 2010), and the connections between human mobility, migration law and regulation, and exploitation (Segrave et al., 2017; see also Segrave, 2013 for a review of work across the field). We situate this chapter and our own research in this area, as a critical criminological account of human trafficking research. This means that, as you read, we encourage you to consider ways to interrogate what is known and reported about this issue via conducting well-designed, rigorous and transparent research.
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Human trafficking refers to all forms of exploitation that involve three elements: the act (recruit, transport, transfer, harbour or receive persons), the means (threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim) and the purpose (i. e. for exploitation, which includes sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs) (see UNODC, 2016). In the early 2000s, much of the focus was on sex trafficking which referred to one form of human traf- ficking, where women (and children) are trafficked into the sex industry or into sexual servitude. As outlined in the chapter, the utility of this distinction is question- able and reflects the legacy of the original debates around sex work versus prostitution that underpinned the international recognition of human trafficking. More recently, there has been attention paid to the issue of labour trafficking, which is used as a point of difference from sex trafficking. The distinction is based on the recognition of exploitation connected to labour other than sex work and/or exploitation other than sexual servitude.
In this chapter, we refer to human trafficking and begin by outlining how human trafficking has been defined at the international level. We offer a brief synopsis of the politics related to the development of the Trafficking Protocol, as this provides an understanding of the definition and the prioritization of particular elements of contem- porary counter-trafficking strategies. We then outline methodological challenges in researching human trafficking – where potential participants in research include author- ities such as law enforcement and other government agencies, NGOs, employers, other stakeholders and migrant men, women and children, some of whom will have the status of unlawful non-citizen. We also point to critical areas of qualitative research that are
essential to further understand the debates and impact surrounding the various inter- national responses implemented to counter human trafficking.
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