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Action chlorine. Action oxides of nitrogen and pairs nitric acid. Action CO (carbonic oxide). Poisonings by heavy metals
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Action chlorine.
Chlorine - yellow gas with a special smell, in 2, 5 times is heavier than air. Getting on mucous membranes, chlorine is dissolved with formation hydrochloric acid and atomic oxygen - irritation action on lung’s tissue – inflammation, may be secondary infection.
Poisonings by chlorine are more often sharp and has 2 stages:
а) Initial - irritation top departments of a respiratory path and mucous;
b) Lung’s hypostasis – respiratory deficiency, rise temperature, leucocitosis.
At chronic poisoning - bronchitis, emphysema, pneumosclerosis, on skin – dermatitis, exema.
Action ammonia.
Similar on poisoning with chlorine, there are heavy defeats at hit in eyes and on a skin.
Action oxides of nitrogen and pairs nitric acid.
More often sharp poisoning has 3 stages – а) Initial - irritations, b) latent period – no any symptoms, c) increasing lung’s hypostasis.
In blood may be formation met-gaemoglobyn - hypoxia – violations CNS and vegetative NS.
Action CO 2.
Action on the respiratory center, hypoxia.
Action CO (carbonic oxide).
Gas without color and smell, formed at incomplete combustion of fuel in insufficiently ventilated premises. In blood it is formed carboxy-gaemoglobin - affinity Hb to CO in 300 times more, than to O2, it has scarlet color - scarlet stains on skin. It can not transport oxygen in blood – formation haemical hypoxia. Direct action CO on fabric breath in CNS and internal bodies is blockade cytochromoxidaze.
Stages of sharp poisoning by CO:
а) Initial - headache, infringements CNS, b) Euphoria - strengthening defeat CNS,
c) Coma - loss of consciousness, oppression of reflexes, paralysis of the respiratory center.
In the remote terms after poisoning by CO - loss of memory, infringement of mentality, defeats CNS, etc.
POISONINGS BY HEAVY METALS
Such metals are lead, mercury etc.
Poisonings by lead (Saturnism).
More than 100 trades have contact with lead or its connections. Poisonings is chronic, more often at inhalation action. Pathogenesis - blockade tiolovic enzymes (contain SH - groups) and others. Mutagen, gonado-, hepatotropic action.
Cardinal symptoms of lead poisoning:
1. Lead border – grey border at edge of gum teeth due to sulphurous lead (reaction of lead allocated with saliva and hydrogen sulphide, formed in mouth).
2. Lead colour - pale colouring of skin - angiospasm and the increased contents porfiryn in blood.
4. Lead encephalopathia and polyneuritis – violations of central nervous and periferic nervous system
5. Lead pains (colics) - the strongest pains in a stomach, which is not stopped at action spasmolytics.
In blood:
- Reticulocytosis – increasing reticulocytes (is above 15 on 10 thousand) in blood (irritation bodies of blood forming).
- Basophyl eritrocytes in blood - irritation bodies of blood forming.
In urine:
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- Porfirinuria - more than 50-60 mkg / l.
The increased contents of lead in urine - more than 0, 04 mg / l.
Besides in clinic it is marked:
Defeat intestines - dyspepsia, Defeat of liver - toxic hepatites with infringement of all of its functions, bilirubinaemia.
POISONINGS BY TETRAAETYLLEAD (TEL)
Organic connections of the heavy metals are more toxic, than elementary metals. TEL is used as the additive to gasoline - for decrease of detonation. Poisonings is by inhalation way, very heavy (TEL - 1 class of danger). There is infringements CNS - headache, astenyc syndrome, euphoria, infringements of dream, memory, oppression CNS. Oppression vegetative NS gives vegetative triad: hypotonia, bradycardia (rare cardiac contractions), hypothermia. In heavy cases – may be mental frustration and organic defeats CNS. In years after poisoning - the remote consequences - astenisation, emotional unbalance, decrease of intelligence.
POISONINGS BY MERCURY (Mercurialism)
More often - by inhalation way (mercury pairs). Often there are asymptomatic cumulation (the contents in urine 0, 05 mg / l and more) and chronic poisonings by mercury.
Clinic of poisonings. First of all there is action at CNS. In Europe in past there was sentence “he is fool as hat maker” because in past at making hats widely used mercury. Mian symptoms:
- Mercurial “border“on gingivas black colour
- Mercurial neurotism
- Mercurial eretism (psychological frustration in emotional sphere - whining, sense anxiety)
- Mercurial encephalopathy
- Mercurial gingivites (inflammation tonque), and stomatitis, gastritis, colitis
- Violations cardiac system (changes at electrocardiogramma), kidneus (nefroses)
- In blood - lymphocytosis, monocytosis, leukopenia, anemia
- Content of Hydrargyrum in urine more than 0, 01 - 0, 02 mg/l
Organic connections of mercury are more toxic - illness Minamata (poisoning by metylmercury).
POISONINGS BY AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons aromatic structure (dissolvents) - benzene, toluene, ksylol.
In clinic there are:
- Violation CNS as narcotic action, polyneurites
- Violation hemopoesis - leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia
- Hepatotropic action - toxic hepatitis
- Allergenic effects
- Gonadotrophic activity
- Mutagen and cancerogenic action - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - classical representative of cancerogenic substances is (benz (а) pyren)
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