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Remote and specific effects. Of industrial poisons & pollutants of environment. Remote effects specific effects. Oncogenic (cancerogenic) action
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REMOTE AND SPECIFIC EFFECTS
OF INDUSTRIAL POISONS & POLLUTANTS OF ENVIRONMENT
Remote effects Specific effects
Oncogenous (cancerogenic) Gonadotrophic
Mutagen Allergenic
Teratogenic Emryotropic
Drop of lifetime Immunodepressive
Acceleration of olding of organism
ONCOGENIC (CANCEROGENIC) ACTION
Chemical cahcerogen – it is:
1) Substance or it admixture, which can cause in the man or animal formation tumours which are not meeting without it action (true cancerogens - the initiators)
2) Substance which can cause acceleration of formation or earlier appearance usial tumours (promoters – pre-cancerogens)
CLASSIFICATION CANCEROGENS
(By International Agency Cancerogen Investigation WHO)
1. Cancerogenic for the man (23 substances - arsenic, asbestos, chrome, beryllium, nickel, carbon black, petroleum, benzene etc. – cancerogen effect is proved by the epidemiological data – on the people)
2. Probably cancerogenic for the man:
а) Probable cancerogens (produce tumours in 80-100% of experimental animal in 4-6 months) - 14 substances - benz (а) pyren, chlorine – organic combinations etc.
b) Possible cancerogens (produce tumours in 20-30% of experimental animal during life) - 47 substances, for example, cadmium, nitrozocombinations, some pesticides
3. Not categorized on cancerogenic ability (the data about cencerogen activity are discordant) - 64 substances, for example, lead and its salts
4. Is probable, not cancerogenic for the man – all other substances – for which until now no data about cancerogen activity.
MUTAGENITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Now it is found more than 600 substances, which have mutagen activity on the person or laboratory animals.
CLASSIFICATION CHEMICAL MUTAGENS
1. NATURAL - inorganic and organic matters meeting in a nature (mycotoxins, oxides of nitrogen, nitrites etc. )
2. ANTHROPOGENIC - medicines, pesticides, alimentary additives etc.
EXAMINATION MUTAGEN ACTIVITY SUBSTANCES:
1) In experiments on model tests - systems - microbes, plants, hexapods, cells of the man and animal in experience in vitro, in vivo
2) Cytogenetic monitoring of the population and working in contact with mutagen factors
3) Biological indication mutagens in biosphere (ecumene)
For the proof mutagenicity of chemical materials for the man will utillize 4 systems:
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1) Dotted mutations in microorganisms with a metabolic activation
2) Dominant lethal mutations for mice
3) Chromosome changes in osteal brain of mammalia
4) Chromosome violations in leucocytes of the man
EMBRYOTROPIC ACTIVITY
KINDS VIOLATION of FETATION UNDER INFLUENCE of CHEMICAL MATERIALS:
1. Embryotoxic activity - destruction of fetus, drop mass and dimensions embryons, infringement normal differentiation of tissues
2. Teratogenic activity - anomalies and defects of development new-born.
Now it is new science in toxicology – chemical teratology – studing teratogenicity of chemical substances for the person and animals, indication it in biosphere.
The list of chemical teratogens - more than 600 materials - Hydrargyrum and its combinations, dioxines, pesticides, benzol, benzine, etc.
The evaluation of embryotoxity will be carried out in experiments on laboratory animal.
PARAMETERS OF EMBRYOTOXIC ACTIVITY
IN EXPERIMENT ON LABORATORY ANIMAL:
- Common embryonal mortality
- Pre-implantation and post-implantation mortality
- Number new-born in a litter (brood)
- Middle mass and dimensions embryons
PARAMETERS of TERATOGENIC ACTIVITY
IN EXPERIMENT ON LABORATORY ANIMAL:
- External and internal anomalies of development
- State places of ossification
- Distribution brood on a sex.
It is determined limit of specific action - Lim sp. and Z sp. = Lim integr. / Lim sp.
If Z sp. > 1, the material has selective embryotropic activity - is taken into account at installation MPC.
OTHER REMOTE EFFECTS ACTION CHEMICAL MATERIALS:
Neuro- psychical violations at action phosphorus-organic combinations.
Infringements of hemopoiesis (anemia), cardiac functions (acceleration of infarcts, development of atherosclerosis) – at action chlorine-organic combinations/
TOXICOLOGIC AND HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTIC BASIC INDUSTRIAL POISONS.
Irritating substances (chemical substances primary irritating action).
To such poisons concern Ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, pairs the chloric, hydrochloric, nitric acid, CO2, CO, chlorine and its connections.
These substances wide use in the industry and frequently can influence on working.
The common features of influence: irritation respiratory ways and mucous membranes of eyes. Influence depends on solubility in water: good soluble: chlorine, sulphurous gas, ammonia - basically is late in the top departments of a respiratory path and cause here chemical irritation or burns. Less soluble - oxides of nitrogen - reach deep departments and can cause lung’s hypostasis.
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