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VI. Translate into English the words and word-combinations given in brackets.
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1. Human memory, (как память в компьютере), allows us to store information for later use.
2. In order to do this, however, (и комьютерам и нам необходимо владеть) three processes involved in memory.
3. The first is called (кодировка), the process we use to transform information so that it can be stores.
4. Next is the actual storage, (которая просто озночает) holding onto the information.
5. The major difference between humans and computers in terms of memory has to do with (как информация сохраняется).
6. Humans, (с другой стороны) are more complex in that we have three distinct memory storage capabilities.
VII. State the tense and voice of predicates in each sentence of the text.
Put up different types of questions (general, disjunctive, alternative, special) to each sentence.
1. Human memory, like memory in a computer, allows us to store information for later use.
2. For this to take place, the computer must physically write the 1’ and 0’s onto the hard drive.
3. The final process is called retrieval, which is bringing the memory out of storage and reversing the process of encoding.
4. For the most part, computers have only two types; permanent storage and permanent deletion.
VIII. Give the outline of the text.
IX. Retell the text using the words and word-combinations of Ex. II.
Forgetting
I. Read and guess the meaning of the following international words.
Actuality, minute, detail, natural phenomenon, reasons, information, period, association, data, sexual, finally, amnesia, physiological, psychological, in origin.
II. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations
Remembering, without mentioning, forgetting, a pretty natural phenomenon, detail of every minute, during your entire life, insignificant, an extended period of time, it is possible, physiologically preprogrammed, for various reasons, distractions, sexual abuse.
III. Read the text and get ready to render its content in Russian
You can’t talk about remembering without mentioning its counterpart. It seems that as much as we do remember, we forget even more. Forgetting isn’t really all that bad, and is in actuality, a pretty natural phenomenon. Imagine if you remembered every minute detail of every minute or every hour, of every day during your entire life, no matter how good, bad, or insignificant. Now imagine trying to sift through it all for the important stuff like where you left your keys.
There are many reasons we forget things and often these reasons overlap. Like in the example above, some information never makes it to LTM. Other times, the information gets there, but is lost before it can attach itself to our LTM. Other reasons include decay, which means that information that is not used for an extended period of time decays or fades away over time. It is possible that we are physiologically preprogrammed to eventually erase data that no longer appears pertinent to us.
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Failing to remember something doesn’t mean the information is gone forever though. Sometimes the information is there but for various reasons we can’t access it. This could be caused by distractions going on around us or possibly due to an error of association (e.g., believing something about the data which is not correct causing you to attempt to retrieve information that is not there). There is also the phenomenon of repression, which means that we purposefully (albeit subconsciously) push a memory out of reach because we do not want to remember the associated feelings. This is often sited in cases where adults ‘forget’ incidences of sexual abuse when they were children. And finally, amnesia, which can be psychological or physiological in origin.
IV. Complete the following sentences.
1. Forgetting isn’t really all that bad, and is in actuality, ….
2. Imagine if …, of every day during your entire life, no matter how good, bad, or insignificant.
3. There are … and often these reasons overlap. Like in the example above, some information never makes it to LTM.
4. Failing to remember something … the information is gone forever though.
5. There is also …, which means that we purposefully (albeit subconsciously) push a memory out of reach because we do not want to remember the associated feelings.
V. Put 4 types of questions to the given sentences.
1. It seems that as much as we do remember, we forget even more.
2. Now imagine trying to sift through it all for the important stuff like where you left your keys.
3. Other reasons include decay, which means that information that is not used for an extended period of timedecays or fades away over time.
4. It is possible that we are physiologically preprogrammed to eventually erase data that no longer appears pertinent to us.
5. Sometimes the information is there but for various reasons we can’t access it.
VI. Translate into English the words and word-combinations given in brackets.
1. Forgetting (на самом деле ни так уж и плохо), and is in actuality, a pretty natural phenomenon.
2. Imagine (если б вы помнили каждую минуту) detail of every minute or every hour, of every day during your entire life, no matter how good, bad, or insignificant.
3. (Много причин тому, что мы забываем) things and often these reasons overlap.
4. Other times, (информация поступает), but is lost before it can attach itself to our LTM.
5. There is also the phenomenon of repression, which means that we purposefully (albeit subconsciously) push a memory out of reach (потому что мы не хотим помнить) the associated feelings.
6. (И в конце концов), amnesia, which can be psychological or physiological in origin.
VII. Answer the questions.
1. How can you explain forgetting?
2. What is LTM?
3. Can you give any reasons that we forget things?
4. What is the main idea of this text? Comment it.
VIII. Translate the first paragraph of the text in written form.
IX. Give the outline of the text.
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X. Retell the text using the words and word-combinations of Ex. II
Glossary
Ability – the quality of being able to do a particular job or activity well;
something you are capable of doing.
Absurd – completely stupid, unreasonable, or impossible to believe; talking or behaving in a silly or extreme way.
Abuse – cruel, violent, or unfair treatment, especially of someone who does not have the power to prevent it; the use of something in a bad, dishonest, or harmful way.
Acceptable – considered by most people as reasonable or as being something that can be allowed; good enough for a particular purpose or situation.
Access – the right or opportunity to have or use something that will bring you benefits.
Adjustment – a change that someone makes in their behavior or attitude; a change in something that makes it better, more accurate, or more effective.
Adapt (v) – to change your ideas or behavior so that you can deal with a new situation.
Adaptation – the process of changing something so that it can be used for a different purpose.
Addict (n) – someone who takes illegal or harmful drugs and cannot stop taking them; someone who likes a particular activity very much and spends as much time as they can doing it.
Adequate (adj.) – good enough or large enough for a particular purpose; satisfactory, but not extremely good.
Adopt (v) – to decide to start using a particular idea, or method; to start using a particular way of speaking, thinking, or behaving that is not the one usually use.
Aggregation – putting things together in a group; adding amounts together.
Aggressive – behaving in an angry or rude way that shows you want to fight, attack, or argue with someone.
Alert (adj.) – able to think in a clear and intelligent way; paying attention to what is happening and ready to react quickly if necessary.
Ambivalent – feeling two different things about something at the same time, for example that you like it and dislike it.
Anarchic – behaving in a way that ignores the normal rules or limits of your society or group, especially when this causes trouble.
Anticipation – a feeling of excitement about something enjoyable that is going to happen soon.
Approach – a particular way of thinking about or dealing with something.
Approximately – used for showing that an amount, number, time etc. is not exact.
Arbitrary – not based on any particular plan or done for any particular reason.
Assume (v) – to believe that something is true, even though no one has told you or even though you have no proof.
Attitude – someone’s opinions or feelings about something, especially as shown by their behaviour.
Avoidance – the practice or policy of trying to prevent something from happening.
Bad-tempered (adj.) – someone who is bad-tempered easily becomes annoyed or angry.
Ban – law/ instruction which forbids something.
Barometers – instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure, and therefore for forecasting the weather.
Behave -to act, b. yourself = be good.
Behavior – the way that someone does things in a particular way.
Behaviorism – the belief that the scientific study of people’s minds should be based only on their behaviour.
Behavioral – concerning the behavior of human beings.
Belief – feeling sure of something.
Bounds – limits/ edges; out of bounds = (place) where people are not allowed to go.
Body -main structure of an animal or person; main part of an animal or person not including the head and limbs.
Brain (n) – the organ inside your head that allows you to think and feel, and controls your body.
Cautious (adj.) – careful to avoid problems or danger.
Cheerful (adj.) – behaving in a happy friendly way.
Childhood (n) – the time of your life when you are a child.
Childish (adj.) – behaving in a silly and annoying way, like a small child; typical of a child or of the things children do.
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Cognitive – a cognitive science or process is one that is connected with recognizing and understanding things.
Collision – an accident in which a person a vehicle that is moving crashes into something.
Comprehension – the ability to understand something.
Consciousness – the state of being awake and able to hear, see, and think; the knowledge or understanding that something exists or is important; someone’s mind and thoughts.
Conflict – angry disagreement between people or groups; a situation in which it is difficult for two things to exist together or be true at the same time.
Conformity – behavior that is acceptable because it is similar to the behavior of everyone else.
Coordination – the processof organizing people or things in order to make them work together effectively.
Crowd – a large number of people in the same place.
Consistent – not changing in behavior, attitudes, or qualities.
Conventional -the usual, traditional, or accepted type, instead of being new and different.
Consequence – a result or effect of something.
Collegial – sharing ideas and responsibilities with the people you work with, in a friendly way.
Decay – falling into ruin; rotting.
Deletion – word/ phrase which has been crossed out.
Democratic – based on the principle that all people are equal and should be able to share in making decisions.
Descriptive – describing something.
Diagram – sketch/plan.
Diffuse – vague/ unclear.
Disorder – a situation in which people behave in a noisy or violent way in public, often as a protest against something.
Distractions – amusement, worry.
Diverse – very different from each other.
Doubt (v) – to think that something is probably not true or that it probably does not exist; to feel that you cannot trust or believe someone.
Dominant – most important; supreme; commanding.
Drug-addiction – involving drugs or taking drugs.
Emotional – showing emotion.
Encode – to put a data/ a message into code.
Encouragement – words or actions that give someone confidence or hope; words or
actions that help something to happen.
Engender (v) -to cause a feeling or attitude to exist.
Environment – surroundings (in which you live).
Essence -the most important part of something, usually the part that gives it its general character.
Evolution – gradual development; the theory of e. = theory that human beings and other living organisms developed gradually from primitive forms to life.
Experiment – a scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions; the process of testing various ideas, methods, or activities to see what effect they have.
Experience – knowledge and skill gained through time spent doing a job or activity.
Expressive – clearly showing what your thoughts or feelings are, especially by your behavior.
External – outside; medicine for e. use only = which must not be drunk or eaten.
Factor – one of the numbers which produce a given number when multiplied; thing which is influential/ important; person who buys the debts of a company at a discount and then tries to reclaim the full amount from the debtor.
Fail – to be unsuccessful in doing something; to grow weaker; not to pass (a candidate) in an examination.
Features – special part of the face (such as nose/mouth); important aspect of something; important items in a news program of article; important article on a special subject.
Feelings – sense of touch; thing felt inside/emotion.
Figure – written number (such as 28); geometric shape such as a triangle or circle; drawing/ diagram in a book.
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Forget – not to be able to remember; to leave something behind.
Formation – shaping/ forming of something.
Forecast (v) – to make a statement about what is likely to happen.
Framework – a set of principles, ideas etc. that you use when you are forming your decisions and judgements.
Function – job/duty; gathering of people; party. v. to work/ to serve.
Geography – science of the earth’s surface/form/physical features/climate.
Goal – something that you hope to achieve.
Govern – to rule with authority; to influence/to determine.
Grab – sudden seizing with the hands.
Grasp – tight hold/grip; understanding.
Group – a small number of people who are together in the same place; a set of people who meet or do something together because they share the same purpose or ideas.
Growing – getting bigger.
Grueling – exhausting/tiring; very difficult.
Illusion – a false or wrong belief or idea.
Incompatible – which cannot live/work/fit together.
Influence – the effect that a person or thing has on someone’s decisions, opinions, or behavior or on the way something happens.
Inform – to tell officially; to give details.
Initiative – decision to start something; ability to decide.
Insight – clear thought; deep knowledge; clear understanding.
Integration – the process of becoming a full member of a group or society, and becoming involved completely in its activities.
Intelligence – quickness of understanding/mental ability.
Interests – percentage return on investment; percentage payable on a loan; thing which you pay attention to.
Interaction – effect of two things on each other.
Interpretation – an explanation of the meaning or importance of something.
Intuition – thinking of something/knowing something naturally without it being explained.
Isolated – feeling alone and unhappy, with no friends to support you; an isolated place is a long way from other places and is often difficult to get to.
Language – way of speaking of a country/ a group of people.
Law – rules by which a country is governed and the people controlled; rule/controlling force.
Leader – someone who is responsible for or in control of a group, organization, country etc.
Leadership – being the person who manages/directs others.
Learning – gaining knowledge of something of how to do something; great study/knowledge.
Level – flat/horizontal position. on the l. = in a flat position; position in relation to height and depth; position on a scale/in a list; instrument for testing whether something is horizontal or not.
Liberal – accepting different opinions and ways of behaving and tending to be sympathetic to other people; not strict or exact.
Life – state of being alive; liveliness/energy; living things.
Literature – books/writing, esp. novels, poetry, drama, biography, etc.; what has been written on a particular subject; written information about something.
Logical – clearly reasoned; able to reason clearly.
Management – handling of (a tool); directing (of work); group of people who direct workers.
Material – substance which can be used for making something; useful implements.
Mechanism – working parts (of a machine); way in which something works.
Mediator – a person who tries to end a disagreement between people or groups.
Membership – belonging to a group, organization, etc.; all the members of a group, organization,
Memory – ability to remember; what you remember; capacity for string information (in a computer).
Mental – referring to the mind.
Motivation – reason for doing something/encouragement to do something.
Motive – reason for doing something; which makes something move.
Object – thing; aim/target/purpose; person/thing to which feelings, etc. is directed.
Observe – to follow/to obey (a law/rule/custom); to watch/to look at; to remark/to note.
Obstruct (v) – to take action in order to prevent someone from doing something or to prevent something from happening.
Occasional – happening sometimes, but not frequently or regularly.
Opinion – the attitude you have towards something, especially your thoughts about how good it is.
Organization – act of arranging; being arranged; organized group or institution.
Orientation – act of orientating/putting in a certain position/direction.
Originate – to bring into existence for the first time; to begin/to have its beginning.
Panic – terror/fright. v. to become frightened.
Pattern – a series of actions or events that together show how things normally happen or are done.
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Perceive (v) – to understand or think about something in a particular way; to notice or realize something.
Personal – used about your own opinions or feelings; private and not known or available to most people.
Phenomena – thing which happens naturally; esp. remarkable thing/happening
Physically – referring to the body or to the laws of nature.
Philosophy – study of the meaning of human existence; study of the methods and limits of human knowledge; general way of thinking.
Political – referring to government/party politics.
Predisposition – likely to think or behave in a particular way, or to develop a particular medical condition.
Propositions – a statement that people can examine in order to decide whether it is true.
Psychiatric (adj.) – connected with the treatment of mental illness.
Psychiatrist (n) – a doctor who treats people with mental illnesses.
Psychoanalyst (n) – a doctor whose job is to talk to people about their feelings and help them to understand their behavior or solve their mental problems.
Psychologist – someone who studies how people’s minds work and how this affects their behaviour.
Psychology – the study of the mind and how it affects behavior.
Pursue (v) – to follow a course of activity.
Rebel – person who fights against the government/against the person in charge.
Reciprocally – mutually; in a reciprocal way.
Recreation – pleasant occupation for your spare time.
Relation – story; linking/links (between two things); to have a successful relationship.
Religious – referring to religion.
Requisite – (thing) which is necessary.etc.
Research – the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts.
Response – a reaction; an answer to a question in a test quiz etc.
Responsibility – the state or job of being in charge of someone or something and of making sure that what they do or what happens to them is right or satisfactory.
Reveal (v) – to let something become known, for example a secret or information that was not previously not known.
Rigid – not easily changed; done or applied in a strict and unreasonable way; unable to move because of a strong emotion such as fear or anger.
Rite – religious ceremony.
Rumour – story passed on from one person to another without necessarily being true.
Self-regulatory – a self-regulatory system or organization is one that controls itself and makes its own rules.
Sensory – referring to the senses.
Shortcoming – a fault or problem that makes someone or something less effective.
Simultaneous – happening or done at the same time.
Situation – place where a building is; state of affairs.
Sociology – study of society and how people live in society.
Spontaneous – which happens freely/which is not forced.
Stability – a situation in which things happen as they should and there are no harmful changes; a condition in which someone’s mind or emotional state is healthy.
State – condition; government of a nation; independent country; one of the semi-independent parts of a federal country.
Stimuli – thing that encourages further activity.
Storage – act of keeping/putting in store; memory, the part of a computer where data is stored.
Style – way/manner of doing something; fashion; elegance.
Subsequent – which follows later.
Suppress (v) – to stop yourself feeling an emotion; to stop yourself showing an emotion, especially one that might offend someone; to stop a physical process from happening or developing.
Tendency – a strong chance that something will happen in a particular way; an aspect of your character that you show by behaving in a particular way; an attitude (habit, situation) that is starting to develop in a particular way.
Tension – the feeling of being so nervous or worried that you cannot relax; the feeling caused by a lack of trust between people, groups, or countries who do not agree about something and may attack each other; a situation in which opposing aims, ideas, or influences cause problems.
Test – examination to see if something works well.
Text – main written part of a book (not the notes or pictures); original words of a speech.
Theorem – thing which has to be proved in mathematics.
Theoretical – referring to a theory; not proved in practice.
Things – object; person/animal; clothes/equipment; item; unspecified subject; object referred to.
Tradition – customs/habits/stories which are passed from generation to generation.
Trend – general tendency.
Typical – obviously belonging to a particular group; characteristic.
Values -worth (in money or esteem); usefulness; principles/important things in life.
Variables – which varies/changes all the time; thing which varies.
Variation – act of varying; amount by which something varies.
Viewpoint – a way of considering something; an attitude or opinion.
Violent – involving the use of physical force, with the deliberate intention of causing damage to property or injury or death to people.
Vision -the ability to think about and plan for the future, using intelligence and imagination; someone’s idea or hope of how something should be done, or how it will be in the future.
Warning – an action or statement telling someone of a possible problem or danger.
Worry (v) – to feel nervous and upset because you keep thinking about a problem that you have or could have in the future.
Appendix 1
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