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III. Answer the following questions.
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1. What makes people travel? 2. Do you think that travelling by air is more convenient than by train? Why? 3. Some people say they will never travel by air if they can avoid it. What makes them think so? 4. What information do the passengers get during the flight? 5. Do you like travelling? Which route would you choose if you were to go on a holiday cruise? 6. Do you usually travel light or with a lot of things? How many pieces of luggage do you usually have with you? 7. When travelling by a long distance train, what berth do you prefer, lower or upper? 8. Have you ever missed the train? Was it a long distance train? 9. What information can you get in the inquiry office at the railway station? 10. What tickets do you usually book, single or return?
IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Я люблю путешествовать налегке (to travel light) и поэтому беру с собой в поездку только самые необходимые вещи. 2. Сейчас столько разных туристических фирм. Все они обещают замечательный отдых и комфорт, но далеко не каждому по карману все эти путешествия на экзотические острова или морские круизы. 3. В прошлом году я путешествовал по европейским столицам на автобусе. – Понравилось? – С одной стороны, удалось повидать много новых мест, а с другой – автобусное путешествие очень утомительно. 4. Несколько лет назад я совершил замечательную поездку – черноморский круиз – на огромном корабле. Правда, я ожидал, что меня будет укачивать (to be seasick), но этого не произошло. 5. Раньше мне нравилось ездить в Крым на поезде. Дорога занимала не так много времени, а теперь пассажирам приходится пересекать государственную границу. С этим связано немало неудобств, например прохождение паспортного контроля поздним вечером или ранним утром. Поэтому теперь я предпочитаю летать в Крым на самолете. 6. В прошлом году моя сестра летала в командировку в Чикаго. У нее была промежуточная посадка (stopover) в Амстердаме продолжительностью почти в шесть часов, так что она смогла осмотреть этот город. 7. Трап был поднят (to raise the gangway); пассажиры стояли на палубе и махали своим родственникам и друзьям, которые пришли их проводить. 8. Все терпеливо ждали момента, когда судно бросит якорь (to cast anchor). 9. Если нам нужен отдых, то лучше всего прогулка по морю. 10. Мы отплываем (to sail) в понедельник. 12. Я хорошо переношу плавание (to be a poor sailor), меня никогда не укачивает. 13. Пароход (steamer) медленно причалил (to moor). Они сошли на берег (to go ashore) и с грустью посмотрели, как пароход снова отчаливает, унося с собой незабываемые впечатления прошедшей недели. 14. Только три человека на борту: он сам, капитан корабля и второй помощник – устояли против морской болезни. 15. Давай поторопимся, а то мы опоздаем на поезд. 16. Им не надо делать пересадку (to change trains). Есть прямой поезд (through train). 17. Хотя она приехала на вокзал в последний момент, она успела на поезд. 18. Мы всегда стараемся покупать билеты в оба конца, это удобнее и дешевле. 19. Где купить билеты? – Касса вон там. 20. Дайте мне, пожалуйста, билет в оба конца до Дрездена на завтра. Я бы хотел место у окна по ходу поезда (to have a seat facing the engine). 21. Можете положить ручную кладь на полку для багажа в вагоне. 22. Не кладите мой чемодан на полку. 23. Я буду ждать тебя около камеры хранения (left-luggage office) через полчаса.
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V. Read and translate the following dialogue.
Travelling by air
General rules
John: Nowadays people mostly travel by air. What about you?
Robert: I like travelling by air. It’s my favourite means of transport.
John: Could you acquaint me with general rules?
Robert: Certainly.
John: When are passengers requested to arrive at the airport?
Robert: One hour before departure time on international flights.
John: What must passengers do before departure?
Robert: They must register their tickets, weigh and register the luggage.
John: Do you know that the economy class limitation is 20 kg, and first-class passengers are allowed 30 kg?
Robert: Yes, certainly. But it often happens that I have overweight and have to pay for excess luggage.
John: What is allowed to be taken into the cabin?
Robert: Passengers are allowed to take only some personal belongings such as: bags, brief-cases, attache-cases, umbrellas, coats and souvenirs bought at the tax-free shops at the airport.
John: What else?
Robert: Each passenger is given an embarkation card to be shown at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.
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John: What electric signs flash in the plane?
Robert: "Fasten Seat Belts"; "No Smoking".
John: You can also see "Emergency Exit" on some doors.
Robert: What are landing formalities and customs regulations?
John: While still on board the plane, the passenger is given an arrival card to fill in; he fills in his name in block letters, country of residence, permanent address, purpose and length of visit, and address in the country he is visiting.
Robert: And then?
John: After the passenger has disembarked officials (home security officers) will check his passport and visa to see if they are in order.
Vocabulary
means of transport – транспортные средства
to acquaint with – знакомить
to have overweight – иметь перевес
to pay for excess luggage – платить за лишний вес
personal belongings – личные вещи
embarkation card – карточка (сведений о пассажире) при вылете
electric signs – электротабло
to flash – зажигаться
emergency exit – запасной выход
to fill in an arrival card – заполнять карточку прибытия
purpose and length of visit – цель и продолжительность визита
to disembark – высаживаться, выгружаться
home security officers – сотрудники службы внутренней безопасности
to check one’s passport and visa – проверять паспорт и визу
VI. Answer the following questions.
1. Which means of transport do you travel by most often: by air, railroad or sea? 2. What irritates you most while flying (flight booking difficulties, lost or delayed luggage, not enough room in the cabin, long queues [kju:z] at check-in)? 3. Do you sometimes feel physically uncomfortable during the flight? 4. Can you stand long flights? 5. What general rules of travelling by air do you know? 6. What is allowed (prohibited) to be taken into the cabin? 7. What are landing formalities?
UNIT 9
Russian meals
Living in Russia one can't but stick to a Russian diet. Keeping this diet for an Englishman is fatal. The Russians have meals several times a day and their cuisine is quite intricate. Three meals a day are served traditionally in Russia: breakfast, dinner and supper.
Every person starts his or her day with breakfast. Poor Englishmen are sentenced to either a continental or an English breakfast. From the Russian point of view, when one has it continental it actually means that one has no breakfast at all, because it means drinking a cup of coffee and eating a bun. A month of continental breakfasts for some Russians would mean starving. The English breakfast is a bit better, as it consists of one or two fried eggs, grilled sausages, bacon, tomatoes and mushrooms. The English have tea with milk and toast with butter and marmalade. As a choice one may have cornflakes with milk and sugar or porridge.
Russian breakfast which is usually eaten at about 8 o'clock in the morning is based on plain, simply-cooked food. Some people begin their day with a plate of gruel: boiled rice or cooked semolina but more often sandwiches with jam or honey, butter and cheese. Others prefer toasts with sausage or fried eggs. Tea or coffee finishes it off. In Russia people may have anything for breakfast. Some good-humoured individuals even prefer soup, but, of course, sandwiches and coffee are very popular.
Lunch is the biggest meal of the day. That would be music for a Russian's ears until he or she learns what lunch really consists of. It may be a meat or fish course with soft drinks followed by a sweet course.
The heart of a Russian person fills with joy when the hands of the clock approach 3 o'clock. His or her dinner includes three courses. A Russian will have a starter (salad, herring, cheese, etc.), soup, steaks, mutton chops, or fish fillets with garnish, a lot of bread, of course, and something to drink. The more the better.
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Dinner is the most substantial meal of the day. Here the choice of dishes is much bigger. Russians are believed to be hearty eaters and this is not surprising. Our traditional cuisine is diverse and rich in natural foodstuffs. For the first course soup is served. It can be cabbage, beetroot, milk, chicken, vegetable, pea, noodle or fish soup. Then comes the second course: mashed potatoes or boiled buckwheat, fish, poultry or meat – beef, pork, veal, mutton.
The meat may be roasted, fried, boiled. Roasting makes tough meat tender and it is especially tasty with sauce accompanied by different appetizers and plenty of vegetables. The potatoes can be prepared in different ways, too, boiled and served whole, boiled and mashed with a little milk and butter or fried. All this is followed by stewed fruit or juice. For dessert one usually has a piece of cake or a bun made of wheat flour. Russian cookery can offer you all sorts of delicious pastries, pies, rolls, cakes with cream, richly decorated and sweet-smelling that taste really good.
But if you're following a diet you have to cut down on fatty food and stodgy cakes. Try fruits and raw vegetables such as carrots, cucumbers, juicy apricots, plums, grapes in preference to heavy dishes. At 4 or 5 the Russians may have a bite: waffles, cakes with juice, tea, cocoa, or something of the kind.
Supper in Russia means one more big meal. The table groans with food again. The usual time for supper is about 7 o'clock and all the members of the family sit down together. Supper also consists of fish or meat dishes, rissoles, stewed fish, omelette or curds with milk. Then, before going to bed, one may have a light snack, a cup of hot milk with a sandwich or biscuit.
In our country, bread is an important part of our everyday food. When we sit down for a meal, there is always bread on the table. For breakfast, we have bread with butter and cheese. For lunch, we eat bread with a meat or vegetable dish. Again, at dinner, we eat bread with whatever food there is on the table. When there is rice or potatoes, we have bread, too. People say that if there is no bread, there is no food.
But making up your menu you have to remember that your food must be not only well cooked and served but also nutritious and wholesome. Only then it will bring you good and rising from the table you can say "I've had a delicious meal!"
Most Russians have never counted calories and they are deeply convinced that their food healthy. Some housewives may admit that it takes some time to prepare all the stuff, including pickles, home-made preserves and traditional Russian pies and pancakes. But they don't seem to mind too much and boil, fry, roast, grill, broil, bake and make. Paraphrasing a famous proverb one can say: "What is a Russian man's meat is a British man's poison."
Vocabulary
to stick to a diet – соблюдать диету
to have meals – есть, принимать пищу
cuisine – кухня, стол
intricate – запутанный, сложный, замысловатый
bun – сдобная булочка с изюмом
to starve – голодать, умирать от голода; очень хотеть есть
fried eggs – яичница-глазунья
cornflakes – корнфлекс, кукурузные хлопья
porridge – жидкая овсяная каша
gruel – каша
semolina – манка
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honey – мед
soft drinks – безалкогольные напитки
starter – закуска syn. appetizer
herring – сельдь
mutton chop – баранья отбивная
substantial – существенный, питательный
to be hearty eater – много есть
foodstuffs – продукты питания
cabbage soup – щи
beetroot soup – свекольник
pea soup – гороховый суп
noodle soup – лапша
fish soup – уха
mashed potatoes – картофельное пюре
buckwheat – гречка
poultry – домашняя птица
beef – говядина
pork – свинина
veal – телятина
mutton – баранина
tough meat – жесткое мясо
tender meat – нежное мясо
tasty – вкусный
stewed fruit – компот
cake – кекс, пирожное, торт
cookery – кулинария; стряпня
pastry – выпечка, мучные кондитерские изделия (пирожные, печенье и т. п.)
pie – пирог; пирожок; торт, сладкий пирог
roll – булочка; рулет (мясной и т. п.)
fatty – жирный
stodgy – тяжелый, непропеченный (о мучных изделиях)
raw vegetables – сырые овощи
carrot – морковь
cucumber – огурец
apricot – абрикос
plum – слива
grapes – виноград
to have a bite – перекусить, закусить
waffle – вафля
to groan with food – ломиться от еды
rissoles – котлеты
stewed fish – тушеная рыба
curds – творог
nutritious – питательный
wholesome – полезный
pickles – соленья, маринады
home-made-preserves – домашние консервы
pancake – блин; оладья
to boil – варить, кипятить
to fry – жарить
to roast – жарить; запекать
to grill – жарить на гриле
to broil – жарить на открытом огне
to bake – печь
I. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
to have meals; to starve; a plate of gruel; boiled rice; semolina; sandwiches with jam or honey; toasts with sausage; soft drinks; natural foodstuffs; milk soup; chicken soup; poultry; tough meat; tender meat; cookery; pie; roll; to cut down on fatty food; stodgy cakes; raw vegetables; juicy apricots; plums; waffles; to groan with food; a cup of hot milk; pickles; home-made-preserves; to boil; to fry; to roast; to grill.
II. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:
соблюдать диету; завтрак, завтракать; обед, обедать; ужин; сдобная булочка с изюмом; яичница-глазунья; кукурузные хлопья; жидкая овсяная каша; простая пища; масло; сыр; закуска; сельдь; баранья отбивная; много есть; щи; свекольник; овощной суп; гороховый суп; лапша; уха; картофельное пюре; гречка; говядина; свинина; телятина; баранина; вкусный; компот; сок; морковь; огурец; виноград; перекусить; котлеты; тушеная рыба; творог; питательный; полезный; блины; жарить на открытом огне; печь.
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