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Practise saying the words.
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European, treaty, reason, appeal, tribunal, trial, private, binding, source, force, court, law, fraud
Exercise 2
There are many silent letters in English words. Cross out the silent letters in the following:
Foreign, guilt, what, high, whether, business, know, listen, write, answer
Exercise 3
The following table lists differences of stress and pronunciation when the same word is used as a noun and a verb, fill in the missing transcription.
| Noun | Verb |
| delegate [ˊdelɪgeɪt] | delegate [’delɪ‚geɪt] |
| present[’prezənt] | present [’prezənt] |
| increase | increase |
| subject | subject |
| conduct | conduct |
| object | object |
| permit | permit |
Exercise 4
Give for each phonetic description the correct word.
| Phonetic description | English word |
| [‚ledʒɪs’leɪʃən] | legislation |
| [’mædʒɪ‚streɪt] | magistrate |
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T e x t 1
The Sources Of British Law
Pre-reading task: Skim the text and divide it into the logical parts. Entitle them.
In Britain one generally speaks of three sources of law - Common Law, Equity Law and Statute Law.
Statute Law (also Statutory Law) includes both laws passed in Parliament and acts of delegated legislation, i.e. legislation made by executive organs. Up to the end of the 19th century the scope of Parliamentary legislation was relatively small. Today, however, there is hardly any aspect of everyday life that is not regulated by statute law.
Common Law consists of a system of recorded cases, precedents, valid for subsequent similar cases. It is case law, or more exactly, judge-made law, based on past decisions of judges in accordance with custom and reason and having the character of a general legal principle.
Equity Law is a system of law originated in the English Chancery. Practically speaking, it is a system of case law governed by the binding force of precedent (as Common Law) but exercised by Lord Chancellor and his staff
Since Britain's accession to the European Union (the European Community till 1993), European Law has also become a source of the law in the United Kingdom. European Law is to be found in the Union's treaties and decisions of the Union's institutions. It operates as a separate system side by side with domestic law. Where European Law is in conflict with domestic law, European Law prevails.
Exercise 5
Match each word or phrase on the left to the Russian equivalents on the right.
| a. source of law | a. прецедентное право |
| b. binding force | b. статутное право |
| c. statute law | c. внутригосударственное право |
| d. judge-made law | d. органы исполнительной власти |
| e. domestic law | e. делегированное законодательство |
| f. executive organs | f. источник права |
| g. delegated legislation | g. обязательная сила |
| h. Common Law | h. право справедливости |
| i. legislation | i. межгосударственный договор |
| j. treaty | j. законодательство |
| k. Equity Law | k. общее право |
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Exercise 6
Match each word or phrase on the left to the correct definition on the right:
| 1. case law | a. formal agreements between different countries |
| 2. precedent | b. a judicial decision that serves as an authority for deciding a later case |
| 3. delegated legislation | c. a system of jurisprudence founded on principles of natural justice and fair conduct |
| 4. legislation | d. the long-established habit or tradition |
| 5. equity | e. the act or process of making laws |
| 6. custom | f. legislation made by executive organs |
| 7. treaties | g. law based on judicial precedent |
Exercise 7
Complete the sentences.
1. There are……sources of law in Great Britain.
2. Statute law includes ….
3. Common law consists of ….
4. Case law or judge-made law ….
5. Equity law is ….
6. European law is ….
Exercise 8
Answer the following questions to Text 1:
1. How many sources of law have been enumerated in the text?
2. What are they?
3. What is the main category of Statute Law?
4. What is the basis of Common Law?
5. What is the difference between Common Law and Equity Law?
6. What is the basis of European Law?
Exercise 9
Fill in the gaps with the suitable words
Precedent contracts legal issues case previous precedents courts common law parties
Case law
British law is based on the principle of (1)…………….., meaning that if a court has already ruled on a given legal issue and another case arises with the same legal issue, the holding in the previous case will be applied to the new (2)…………. The use of precedents helps to promote stability in the (3) ……, as all parties are given notice as to the current state of the law.
Precedents also have a role to play when new (4)…….. are presented to courts. (5)…… for both sides of a case look to cases that have been decided in the past that support their current arguments. When deciding new legal issues, sometimes courts expand (6)…………...
Through reliance upon precedent established in prior cases the (7)……… has resolved many legal issues and brought stability into many areas of the law, such as the law of….(8).
Exercise 10
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