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The Past and the Future of the Laser 11 глава
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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Grammar Check
I. Infinitive
I. Find Infinitives or Infinitive constructions in the following sentences.
1. I wanted you to help me to weld these two pieces by an electric arc.
2. He suddenly felt the electrode touch the surface of the
workpiece.
3. Robots are supposed to facilitate people's work.
4. The short circuit is reported to have caused a lot of damage.
5. To drive safely it is important to check the brake system
regularly.
6. All this makes me think that it is fascinating to experiment with
lasers.
7. You are likely to spot distant planets if you know about Doppler's
effect.
8. Ecologists would not like CFCs to be used as industrial gases.
9. The material to be investigated is of great value.
10. The need to develop stronger alloys forces the experiments to be continued.
II. Insert to where necessary.
1. You should... recharge your car battery directly.
2. He made me... use protective clothing during welding.
3. We would like you... show us how the actuator works.
4. The function of a thermometer is..'. measure the temperature.
5.... obtain an alloy, one must... mix metals with non-metals.
6. The distance... be measured is between these two points.
7. Professor watched the students... quench a steel bar in oil.
8. Don't let children... play with matches.
9. Domestic appliances are supposed... consume plenty of
electricity.
10. It is obviously necessary... demonstrate the properties of this substance to the researchers.
III. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. При проведении дуговой сварки, необходимо правильно
пользоваться инструментом и соблюдать технику безопасности.
2. Прибор, который нужно использовать, имеет совершенно новую конструкцию.
3. Целью. данной статьи является описание преимуществ использования электрических автомобилей.
4. Такая система позволяет генерировать мощный электрический ток.
5. Возможно, автомобиль имеет серьезные повреждения.
6. Сообщается, что экспериментальный микроскоп работает
достаточно эффективно.
II. Participle
I. Find Participles or Participial constructions in the following sentences.
1. You have come early. The experiment is still being carried out,
2. When carried out, the experiment was discussed with great interest.
3. Being translated into many foreign languages, her works are
read with great interest all over the world.
4. Having studied the properties of the alloy the engineer made a
report on the subject of his research.
5. The hologram having been made, we switched off the laser.
6. The results received were of great importance for further
investigations of artificial stars.
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7. Having been taught by a good teacher, I know Geodesy well.
8. When burnt, coal produces not only heat but polluting gases as well.
9. They tried to repair the engine trouble following the instructions
of a mechanic.
10. The professor delivering a lecture on nanotechnology mentioned interesting facts.
II. Choose the right option.
1. The canal связывающий the two seas is being built now.
a. having linked b. linking c. linked
2. The explanation данное is not complete.
a. given b. being given с giving
3. При нагревании metals expand.
a. when heating b. when heated c. when having been heated
4. Work done, you have fun.
а. сделанная работа b. когда работа сделана с. делая работу
5. Анализируя elements Mendeleev divided them into 9 groups.
a. studying b. having studied c. studied
6. Получив good results we stopped the research.
a. being received b. having received c. receiving
7. Life existing on other planets is no longer under question.
а. существуя b. существовавшая с. существующая
8. Being built on time the bridge was opened for public use.
а. будучи построенным b. построив с. строящийся
9. Having been shown the design I found the fault quickly.
а, показав b. показывая с. после того, как мне показали
10. While calculating the speed the student made a mistake. а. вычисляющий b. вычисляемый с. вычисляя
III. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Проверив электрическую цепь, он начал наблюдать за показаниями приборов.
2. При проведении исследований мы использовали этот микроскоп.
3. Полученное оборудование устанавливают в данный момент в
нашей лаборатории.
4. Занимаясь исследованиями, он пришел к выводу о возможности применения нового материала в электронике.
5. Воспользовавшись мощным лазером, мы создали голограмму, видную издалека.
III. Gerund
I. Find Gerunds or Gerundial constructions in the following sentences.
1. The teacher insists on our coming on time.
2. We don't know much of the Challenger having failed its mission.
3. The value of his having discovered natural lasers is not realized
completely yet.
4. The idea of connecting these wires was not mine.
5. Using renewable resources can significantly reduce the amount
of air pollution.
6. I don't mind your reading science magazines in the reading room.
7. We hear of the up-to-date equipment being bought for your lab.
8. He was sure of repairing the ignition system without anybody
helping him.
9. Exploring other worlds by means of robots soon will become
a reality.
10. Seeing is believing.
6 Часть 2 145
II. Choose the right option.
1.... heavy units is not easy.
a. assembling b. assembled с being assembled
2. The teacher does not know of the students... the apparatus.
a. damaging b. being damaged с having damaged
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3. New possibilities for... atomic energy open up.
a. applying b. having applied с applied
4. The projects of...waste-to-energy plants cause fierce opposition.
a. constructing b. having constructed с being constructed
5. Instead of... the old air-filter they replaced it with a new one.
a. having cleaned b. cleaned c. cleaning
6. You can improve your work efficiency by... modern
technologies.
a. applying b. having applied c. applied
7. What device do taxi-driver use for... passengers?
a. charged b. being charged с charging
8. They are talking about the shuttle... already.
a. launched b. being launched с having been launched
9. He always operates the apparatus without... safety regulations.
a. observed b. observing c. having observed
10. They insist on the short circuit...
a. being avoided b. avoiding c. having avoided
III. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1.Составление новой компьютерной программы было нелегкой
задачей,
2.Решение данной проблемы невозможно без проведения серии экспериментов.
3.Вы можете рассчитывать на то, что компьютер выдаст вам
точную информацию.
4.Роботы способны выполнять тяжелую работу не уставая.
5.Мы осведомлены о том, что он сейчас исследует свойства нового сплава.
IV. Reported Speech
I. Correct mistakes and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. They announced that the new vehicle will be widely used in the
future.
2. The article said that rain forests are badly damaged by acid rains.
3. She asked Denis if when the Science Museum had been opened in
London.
4. We are all interested is there life on Mars.
5. The student answered that he never heard of the Doppler effect.
6. The student was asked that to enumerate advantages of personal
computers.
7. I was interested if were actuator robots more mechanically
efficient.
8. They wondered why were those devices made of quenched steel.
9. The engineer said to us not to touch the wire while the power was on.
10. Can you tell me how does a power plant generate electricity?
II.I Choose the right option.
1. It was reported they... their research 2 days before.
a. had carried out b. would carry out с. carried out
2. The inventors were interested who... finance the further research.
a. would b. will с -
3. The miners did not know what... the explosion.
a. causes b. caused с had caused
4. She asked how often... in various scientific projects.
a. did you participate b. you did participate с you participated
5. The instructor advised us... driving during rush hours.
a. to avoid b. that we avoided c. avoid
6. They were certain they would win the race.
а. выиграли b. выиграют с. выигрывают
7. He said the device needed no improvement.
а. не нуждается b. не нуждался с. не будет нуждаться
8. That article said that the hail had damaged many cars.
а. повредит b. повреждает с. повредил
9. We were asked if we believed in artificial and alien intelligence.
а. поверим ли b. верили ли с. верим ли
10. They wanted to know... the fault had been found. a. - b. if c. who
III. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Он сказал, что эти пластины делают из закаленной стали.
2. Как вы думаете, что вызвало данный эффект?
3. Они поинтересовались, экспериментирую ли я со сплавами.
4. Ученые объявили, что с помощью биотехнологий они создали новый сверхпрочный материал, свойства которого они сейчас изучают.
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5. Сообщалось, что существует возможность создания искусственного разума.
Translation Check
Choose one of the paragraphs and translate it in writing. Use the dictionary if necessary
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1. Bomb Buster. The Mini-Androsis is used by bomb squads across the country to locate and dispose of bombs. About three feet long, the Mini-Androsis looks something like a small armoured tank with eight wheels on four 'legs' that extend for climbing stairs. Its movable arm can lift objects weighing up to 15 pounds and place them in bombproof boxes. Detachable accessories allow the Mini-Androsis to break windows, to see in the dark, and to defuse or detonate bombs directly, either by blasting them with water, firing at them with a shotgun, or placing other smaller bombs nearby.
2. There is a lot of debate at present about the best way of
disposing of the domestic waste we generate. In the past it was
dumped in holes in the ground - old quarries and sand or gravel pits.
Such landfill sites are limited in number. They also have to be
prepared and managed carefully to prevent chemicals from the waste
polluting underground water, streams and rivers. Where organic
waste is disposed of to landfill and then decomposes it is known to
produce methane gas, with explosive consequences. What are other
options for waste disposing? Alternatives to landfill are generating
less waste, recycling (including not only useful materials such as
tins, paper and glass but also organic matter that can be composted)
and burning waste.
3. Burning domestic waste in order to reduce its amount and to
release useful energy is being much discussed today. A lot of such
waste-to-energy plants proposed across the UK are causing strong
opposition. The engineers developing and managing these plants work
within much tighter guidelines and restrictions than was once the
case. Although recycling is uncontroversial and many people support
well-organized schemes, there is concern about the potential dangers
of such power stations. The Environmental Protection Agency has
published a report on problems arising from incinerating waste. It
claimed that such projects were perhaps more dangerous than it was
thought. One person's waste-to-energy plant is another's incinerator.
4. Marine scientists use three types of vehicle to explore and
work in the deep sea.
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a) Manned submersible usually
carry three people, including a pilot, to
the ocean floor. To resist the crushing
pressure of the water at such depths,
the crew occupies a steel or titanium
sphere less than 2 metres across inside.
A typical dive lasts for around 8 hours.
Manned submersibles are not connected
to the surface and carry their own
power in batteries. Mechanical arms, controlled from inside the sphere, allow the crew to collect samples and conduct experiments on the ocean floor. At present, there are only five vehicles in the world that can carry people to a depth of 6,000 metres - just over half way to the deepest point in the oceans.
b) Remote operated vehicles (ROVs) are unmanned and
connected to a surface ship by a long tether cable. The operators
control the vehicle from the ship, sometimes using 'virtual reality' to
create the impression of being on the sea floor themselves. Being
supplied with power from the ship through their tether cable, ROVs
do not need to carry batteries. There being no people or batteries on
board, ROVs can stay on the ocean floor to work for much longer
periods of time than manned submersibles.
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c) Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are also unmanned,
but they are not connected to a ship. Instead, AUVs are programmed
in advance and launched from a ship to explore an area and collect
samples by themselves. These robot submarines are ideal for
investigating hard-to-reach areas such as beneath polar ice shelves,
where using manned submersibles is too dangerous and ROVs cannot
go because of their tethers.
5. Making high-quality alloy products is a complex process
including many stages.
a) Quenching is defined as rapid cooling by placing in oil or water, of a metal object from the high temperature at which it is shaped. This is usually done to maintain mechanical properties that will be lost with slow cooling. Quenching is commonly applied to harden steel objects. On the contrary, tempering is known as heat treating of metal alloys,
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| Design Engineer We are a long established large engineering company specializing in mechanical equipment and require to appoint a design engineer for our design office. The applicant should be aged between 24-36 and must have a sound and practical engineering background. Не/She should have experience in lorry attachments and conveyor systems; must be able to work on his/her own initiative and be very active. This is an extremely responsible position with good prospects for further advancement. Please reply in own handwriting with your CV to: Minsk Tractor Works 29 Dolgobrodskaya street 220668 Minsk, Belarus tel/fax: 2272166 | |
| Quality Engineer The Instrument-Making Plant now has an opening for a Quality Engineer to take full responsibility for ensuring quality-related activities. Educated to at least BA degree level in mechanical engineering, experience in quality improvement in instrument-making industry will be a distinct advantage. A working knowledge of problem-solving techniques is essential. There will be excellent opportunities for career development as the company continues to grow. To apply, please send a CV to: Sergei Levashov, Instrument-Making Plant 31 Kulman street 220310 Minsk, Belarus Deadline is Friday April 25 | Analyst Programmer Salary $ Negotiable A growing company requires an analyst programmer with at least two years' "C+" or "Java" experience. You will need excellent interpersonal and communication skills and be able to work effectively as a member of a team. We offer an attractive range of benefits and prospects to our employees, including life assurance, permanent health insurance and the company car. Apply in writing enclosing your CV to: Alexey Petrov IBA 10 Yakub Kolas Sq. 220015 Minsk, Belarus |
particularly steel, to impart specific properties. For instance, heating hardened steel to 752 F (400 °C) and holding it for a time before quenching in oil decreases its hardness and brittleness and produces strong and tough steel. Quench-and-temper heat treating is applied at many different cooling rates, holding times, and temperatures, and is a very important means of controlling the properties of steel.
b) Casting is the process of pouring molten metal into a mold, where it solidifies into the shape of the mold. The process was well established in the Bronze Age, when it was used to form bronze pieces now found in museums. It is particularly valuable for the economical production of complex shapes, ranging from mass-produced parts for automobiles to one-of-a-kind production of statues, jewelry, or massive machinery. Most steel and iron castings are poured into silica sand. For metals of lower melting point, such as aluminium or zinc, molds can be made of metal or of sand.
6. Home-made Electricity? Two wires of different metals (e.g.
iron and copper), an alcohol / gas flame and an earphone are needed
for the experiment. Try connecting the wires to the earphone and
rubbing their ends in the flame. This will let you hear sounds caused
by a small electric current being produced in the heated wires. Can
you explain how it works? Each metal has its own natural rate for
losing electrons. The contact being made, heat forces a more active
metal to loose some electrons from its surface to a less active metal.
This transfer of the electrons is the electric current. Try putting the
ends of the wires into salt water and rubbing them together while in
the solution. This will allow electricity to be produced, not by heat
but by chemical action.
7. Natural infrared lasers are very rare in space. However, it was
reported that a powerful ultraviolet laser beam, several million times
brighter than our Sun, shooting toward Earth from a super-hot 'death
star' located 8,000 light-years away had been observed with NASA's
Hubble Space Telescope. The astronomers identified a gas cloud
acting as a natural ultraviolet laser, near the huge, unstable superstar
called Eta Carinae - one of the most massive and energetic stars in our
Milky Way Galaxy. The ultraviolet laser in Eta Carinae shines in the
same way as artificial optical lasers and similar, microwave devices
called masers. The discovery will provide scientists with a new tool for
studying how monster interstellar lasers actually work.
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Writing
a) Read these advertisements below and choose the one you like most.
b) Write your CV and a letter of application for the post you've chosen.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
TEXT 1
I. Scan the text to find answers to these questions.
1. Is the function of the car very complicated?
2. What features affect the car design today?
3. How does the Hy-wire differ from the conventional car?
4. Why is there no engine compartment in the Hy-wire?
5. Where is all the equipment positioned?
6. How is the Hy-wire operated?
7. What are the major problems of the Hy-wire to be solved in the near future?
II. Read the text attentively for more details about the unusual car.
How GM's Hy-wire Works
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Cars are very complicated machines with an incredibly simple job of turning wheels. The overall function of the car being so basic, does it actually need all those complex heavy devices? Most likely, a lot of us will be driving radically different vehicles within 20 years. Two basic elements dictating car design are the internal combustion engine and mechanical and hydraulic linkages. The defining feature of the Hy-wire is that it has neither of them. The engine is replaced with a fuel cell stack, which powers an electric motor connected to the wheels. A computer-based drive-by-wire system substitutes the linkages.
These changes result in a very different car - and a very different driving. There are no pedals, no steering wheel and no engine compartment. In fact, all the equipment moving the car is housed in an 11-inch-thick aluminium chassis at the base of the car. The main computer in the chassis sends electronic signals to the motor control unit to vary the speed, the steering mechanism to maneuver the car, and the braking system to slow the car down. Everything above the
chassis serves only to driver control and passenger comfort, but the coolest thing in this design is the possibility to switch from a van to a sports car just by replacing the car body.
The driver's control unit (X-drive)
looks like a video game joystick
having two ergonomic grips, to the
left and right of a small monitor
replacing an instrument panel and
giving you a rear view from video
cameras (in place of mirrors).
Buttons on the controller let you
switch easily from neutral to drive to reverse, and a starter button turns the car on. As it doesn't directly drive any part of the car, the X-drive controller can be moved freely in the passenger compartment. A second monitor provides stereo, climate control and navigation information.
There are no ideal cars as yet. Safety is a big concern with drive-by-wire cars since electrical failure means the total loss of control. The other burning issue is developing energy-efficient methods of supplying hydrogen for the onboard fuel-cell stacks. Assuming that GM can tackle the major fuel and safety issues satisfactorily, the highway will see some major changes within the next few decades.
III. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. The simple job of the car consists in....
a) turning wheel; b) showing video-film;
c) having complex devices.
2. The major characteristic of the Hy-wire design is the absence of....
a) the internal combustion engine;
b) mechanical and hydraulic linkages; c) both.
3. The driving system operated by the computer receiving and
sending electronic signals is also known as a... system.
a) 'fly-by-wire'; b) 'drive-by-wire'; c) 'fuel cell'.
4. The main computer is installed... the passenger compartment.
a) in; b) under; c) above.
5. Speed, mileage and fuel level information are available to the
driver....
a) on the monitor of the X-drive; b) on a video camera;
c) on the instrument panel..
6. The Hy-wire is started by....
a) pushing a button on the X-drive; b) turning a grip;
c) observing the monitor.
7. While operating the Ну-wire you do not use your....
a) hands; b) feet; c) head.
8. To mass-produce the Hy-wire car General Motors will have to solve
the problems of....
a) passengers; b) highways; c) safety and fuel supply.
IV. Translation Check. Use the dictionary if necessary.
Zero-pollution Cars
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The electric car is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles. It performs like a conventional car with one important difference - it is nearly silent and pollution-free. The electric car is propelled by an electric motor powered from a controller, which in its turn gets its power from rechargeable batteries. However, the batteries need replacement every 20,000 miles. Fuel cells solve the battery problem.
A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process. Unlike a battery, you can continually recharge a fuel cell by adding chemical fuel - hydrogen from an onboard storage tank and oxygen from the atmosphere. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) seems to be one of the most promising technologies. A single fuel cell produces about 0.7 volts. To get this voltage up many separate fuel cells are combined to form a fuel cell stack.
Zero-pollution cars are also designed to run on compressed air using the concept of the steam engine. Liquid nitrogen stored at -320 °F serves as the propellant for the LN2000's cryogenic engine. Air moving around the vehicle heats the liquid nitrogen to the boiling temperature and causes it to turn to gas pushing on the engine's pistons. The only emission being nitrogen (which makes up 78% of the atmosphere), the air-compressed car fully justifies the name of its manufacturer - Zero-pollution Motors.
TEXT 2
I. Scan the text to find answers to these questions.
1. When was the first flying car designed?
2. What models of flying cars have already been designed?
3. What speed can the Skycar develop?
4. Is the Skycar fuel-efficient?
5. What is a 'fly-by-wire system*?
6. How does the CityHawk differ from the Skyrider?
7. Why are flying cars designed as an alternative to road cars?
II. Read the text carefully and say what you have learnt about the new breed of cars.
Flying Cars
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Just a decade and a half after the Wright Brothers took off in their airplane over the plains of Kitty Hawk, N.C., in 1903, other pioneering men started dreaming of a flying car. The attempt to develop a gliding horse cart in the 18th century, to no great surprise, failed. Numerous flying cars are being invented today. Moller's latest project, the Skycar M400, is designed to take off and land vertically, like a Harrier Jet, in small spaces. Having a range of 900 miles, it will cruise at around 350 mph with the top speed of 400 mph using petrol, diesel, alcohol, kerosene and propane as fuel. The fuel mileage of the Skycar will be comparable to that of a medium-sized car, getting 20 miles to the gallon. To make the Skycar safe and available to public, it will be completely controlled by computers using the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites - a so-called 'fly-by-wire system'. In an emergency the vehicle will release a parachute and airbags, internally and externally, to cushion the impact of the crash. The cost of a Skycar is estimated to be $60,000 if mass-produced.
MACRO Industries' SkyRider X2R will use the same fly-by-wire system to safely transport passengers. Drivers will simply get in, turn on the power and enter the address or phone number of the desired destination, with the SkyRider doing the rest. MACRO said that the system would be fully automatic, but allowing some manual control. Commands will be entered just by telling the car what you want it to do.
Similarly to Skycars and SkyRiders, CityHawks also take off and land vertically. However, there are some key differences. The CityHawk will be powered by fans driven by four internal combustion engines. This number of engines will allow the vehicle to land even if
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