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Exercise 12. Do the two-way translation and match the columns.
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| 1. От чего зависит количество двигателей и их расположение на самолетах? 2. Где на самолете могут располагаться двигатели? 3. На какие классы подразделяются реактивные двигатели? 4. Какие два основных типа ракетных двигателей существуют? 5. Какой самый простой из воздушно-реактивных двигателей? 6. Для чего предназначен пульсирующий двигатель? 7. Какие двигатели относятся к газотурбинным двигателям? 8. Из чего состоит газотурбинный двигатель? 9. Как подразделяются турбореактивные двигатели? 10. На каких самолетах используются турбовентиляторные двигатели? | 1. Jet engines fall into two main classes: air-breathing engines and rocket engines 2. Possible application of the pulsejet is to propel pilotless military weapons. 3. Turbofans are widely used in aviation, especially in large multi-engine aircraft 4. Types of engines, their number and location on the airplane depend on the airplane performances 5. Engines may be mounted on the wings, on the fuselage (forward or aft) or under the wings on pylons. 6. There are two basic types of rocket engines: liquid-propellant and solid-propellant rocket engines. 7. The simplest type of air-breathing engine is the ramjet engine. 8. Turbojet, turboprop and turbofan belong to the family of gas-turbine engines. 9. It comprises the inlet assembly (diffuser), the compressor, the combustion chamber, the gas turbine and exhaust nozzle. 10. The turbojets are classified into 2 groups according to the kind of compressors which they use. |
Exercise13. Make up your own dialogues using the information below
Ø Turbojet
§ The turbojet engine consists of four sections: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine section, and exhaust. The compressor section passes inlet air at a high rate of speed to the combustion chamber
§ The combustion chamber contains the fuel inlet and igniter for combustion
§ The expanding air drives a turbine, which is connected by a shaft to the compressor, sustaining engine operation
§ The accelerated exhaust gases from the engine provide thrust
§ This is a basic application of compressing air, igniting the fuel-air mixture, producing power to self-sustain the engine operation, and exhaust for propulsion
§ Turbojet engines are limited in range and endurance
§ They are also slow to respond to throttle applications at slow compressor speeds
Ø Turboprop
§ A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives a propeller through a reduction gear.
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§ The exhaust gases drive a power turbine connected by a shaft that drives the reduction gear assembly
§ Reduction gearing is necessary in turboprop engines because optimum propeller performance is achieved at much slower speeds than the engine' operating rpm
§ Turboprop engines are a compromise between turbojet engines and reciprocating power plants
§ Turboprop engines are most efficient at speeds between 250 and 400 mph and altitudes between 18,000 and 30,000'
§ They also perform well at the slow airspeeds required for takeoff and landing, and are fuel efficient
§ The minimum specific fuel consumption of the turboprop engine is normally available in the altitude range of 25,000' to the tropopause.
Ø Turbofan
§ Turbofans were developed to combine some of the best features of the turbojet and the turboprop.
§ Turbofan engines are designed to create additional thrust by diverting a secondary airflow around the combustion chamber.
§ The turbofan bypass air generates increased thrust, cools the engine, and aids in exhaust noise suppression.
§ This provides turbojet-type cruise speed and lower fuel consumption.
§ The inlet air that passes through a turbofan engine is usually divided into two separate streams of air.
§ One stream passes through the engine core, while a second stream bypasses the engine core.
§ It is this bypass stream of air that is responsible for the term "bypass engine".
§ A turbofan's bypass ratio refers to the ratio of the mass airflow that passes through the fan divided by the mass airflow that passes through the engine core.
Ø Turboshaft
§ The fourth common type of jet engine is the turboshaft
§ It delivers power to a shaft that drives something other than a propeller
§ The biggest difference between a turbojet and turboshaft engine is that on a turboshaft engine, most of the energy produced by the expanding gases is used to drive a turbine rather than produce thrust
§ Many helicopters use a turboshaft gas turbine engine
§ In addition, turboshaft engines are widely used as auxiliary power units on large aircraft
Unit IV
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