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Действие закончено, завершено до конкретного момента
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| Present | Have + 3 ф. смыслового глагола | |||||||||||
| Past | Future | |||||||||||
| Утвердительная форма | I You We They | have asked, written. (I’ve asked) | I You He (she, it) We They | had asked, written. (I’d asked) | I We | shall have asked, written | ||||||
| He (she, it) | has asked, written. (He’s asked) | You He (she, it) They | will have asked, written | |||||||||
| Time indicators: ever, never, just, yet, already, recently, lately (of late), this year (month, week) today, since, for. Чтобы подчеркнуть результат действия. | Time indicators: by 2 o’clock yesterday, by 2001, before she came, when she came. | Time indicators: by 2 o’clock tomorrow, by 2066, when you come tomorrow. | ||||||||||
| Перевод | Прошедшее время совершенного вида (настоящее время несовершенного вида, если «since», «for»). | Прошедшее время совершенного вида | Будущее время совершенного вида | |||||||||
| Вопросительная форма | Have | I you we they | asked, written? Yes, I have | Had | I you he she it we they | asked, written? Yes, he had. | Shall | I We | have asked, written? | |||
| Has | he she it | asked, written? Yes, he has | Will | you he she it they | have asked, written? | |||||||
| Отрицательная Форма | I You We They | have not (haven’t) asked, written. | I You He She It We They | had not (hadn’t) asked, written | I We | shall not (shan’t) have asked, written. | ||||||
| He She It | has not (hasn’t) asked, written. | You He She It They | will not (won’t) have asked, written. | |||||||||
Таблица форм глагола в Continuous Tenses (процесс
в конкретный момент в настоящем, в прошедшем, в будущем)
| Be + глагол (смысловой) + ing | |||||||||||||||
| Present | Past | Future | |||||||||||||
| Утвердительная форма | I am asking, writing You are asking, writing. He (she, it) is asking, writing. We are asking, writing. They are asking, writing. | I he (she, it) | was asking, writing. | I We | shall be asking, writing. | ||||||||||
| We You They | were asking, writing. | You He (she, it) They | will be asking, writing. | ||||||||||||
| Time indicators: now, at present, presently, at the moment. | Time indicators: Yesterday at 2 o’clock, all day long yesterday, from 2 till 5 o’clock yesterday, when she come yesterday | Time indicators: tomorrow at 2 o’clock, all day long tomorrow, from 2 till 5 tomorrow, tomorrow when you come | |||||||||||||
| Перевод: настоящим, прошедшим или будущим временем несовершенного вида. | |||||||||||||||
| Вопросительная форма | Am I asking, writing? Yes, I am. Are you (we, they) asking, writing? Yes, you are. Is he (she, it) asking, writing? Yes, he is. | Was | I he (she, it) | asking, writing? | Shall | I we | be asking, writing? | ||||||||
| Yes, I was. | Yes, I shall. | ||||||||||||||
| Were | you we they | asking, writing? | Will | You He (she, it) They | be asking, writing? | ||||||||||
| Yes, we were. | |||||||||||||||
| Yes, he will. | |||||||||||||||
| Отрицательная форма | I am not asking, writing You are not (aren’t) asking, writing. He (she, it) is not (isn’t) asking, writing. We (they) are not (aren’t) asking, writing. | I He (she, it) | was not (wasn’t) asking, writing. | I We | shall not (shan’t) be asking, writing. | ||||||||||
| You We They | were not (weren’t) asking, writing. | You He (she, it) They | will not (won’t) be asking, writing. | ||||||||||||
Таблица форм глагола в Perfect Continuous Tenses
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(процесс, который занял определенный интервал времени и идет в данный момент; интервал времени обязательно указывается)
| Have been + глагол (смысловой) + ing | |||||||||||||||
| Present | Past | Future | |||||||||||||
| Утвердительная форма | I You We They | have been asking, writing for 2 hours. | I You he (she, it) We They | had been asking, writing for 2 hours before the professor came. | I We | shall have been asking, writing for 2 hours when you come. | |||||||||
| He She It | has been asking, writing for 2 hours. | You He she It They | will have been asking, writing. | ||||||||||||
| Time indicators: for (в течение, в продолжение), since (с). | |||||||||||||||
| Перевод: настоящим, прошедшим или будущим временем несовершенного вида. | |||||||||||||||
| Вопросительная Форма | Have | I you we they | been asking, writing? | Had | I you he she it we they | been asking, writing? | Shall | I we | have been asking, writing? | ||||||
| Yes, I have. | Yes, I shall. | ||||||||||||||
| Has | he she it | been asking, writing? | Will | you he she it they | have been asking, writing? | ||||||||||
| Yes, she has. | Yes, he had. | ||||||||||||||
| Yes, she will. | |||||||||||||||
| Отрицательная форма | I You We They | Have not (haven’t) been asking, writing? | I you he she it we they | Had not (hadn’t) been asking, writing? | I We | shall not (shan’t) have been asking, writing. | |||||||||
| He She It | Has not (hasn’t) been asking, writing? | You He (she, it) They | will not (won’t) have been asking, writing. | ||||||||||||
Exercise 19. Определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, переведите предложения на русский язык.
| 1. Energy demand grows more slowly than expected in the past decade. 2. Experiments led to new theories. 3. Lasers will be unlikely used in our everyday life soon. 4. The engineer has already been designing the device for three months. 5. The newest electronic-memory systems have been made possible by modern semiconductor technology. 6. The scientists will have done the research by the end of the year. 7. They had done part of the research by the end of 2011. 8. The scientist was doing the research when the American delegation came. 9. The scientists had been doing the research for 2 months when the American delegation came. 10. The scientists will be still doing the research when the French delegation comes next month. 11. The scientists will have been doing the research for 3 months when the French delegation comes next month. | a. Future Perfect Continuous. b. Simple Past. c. Present Perfect. d. Present Continuous. e. Future Perfect. f. Simple Future. g. Simple Present. h. Past Continuous. i. Future Continuous. j. Present Perfect Continuous. k. Past Perfect. l. Past Perfect Continuous. |
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Exercise 20. Переведите с русского языка на английский, используя нужную видо-временную форму сказуемого to use transistors (использовать транзисторы).
1. Обычно они используют транзисторы
2. Они использовали транзисторы в прошлом десятилетии.
3. Они и сейчас используют транзисторы.
4. Они уже использовали транзисторы.
5. Они используют транзисторы уже десятилетие.
6. Они будут использовать транзисторы.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1 V. A
Прочитайте текст и выполните упражнения, следующие за ним
ELECTRICITY
Electricity is a set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electrical charge. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity. Ancient cultures around Mediterranean knew that certain objects such as rods of amber could be rubbed with cat’s fur to attract light objects like feathers. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism. Further work was conducted by many famous physicists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the 19th and since the beginning of the 20th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world.
Now it is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed. Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable. With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys in the 19th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labor saving appliances have become part of our everyday lives. Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.
The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator – a new compact source of electricity – was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before. Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors were designed. Since the beginning of the 20th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
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Today consumption of electricity per capita is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost. One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.
Задание 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим интернациональным словам:
Electron – electric lamp – electrostatics, electrical, electrical motor, electricity; physics – physicist – physical phenomena; to associate – association; culture – cultural; to attract – attraction; magnet – magnetic – magnetism; industry – industrial; image – to imagine; civil – civilization; economy – economic – economics; social – society; progress – progressive; to transform – transformer – transformation; to transmit – transmission lines; chemical – chemistry – electrochemistry; to generate – generator – generation; to induce – induction motors; to design – designer; to indicate – indicator; to serve – service; to produce – products – by-products; radar (radio detection and ranging); laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation); television; to act – active – activity – action; technology – technological advances; to transfer – transfer; optical fiber; satellite communication; communication systems; to process – process – processing
Задание 2. Соотнесите английские и русские эквиваленты:
| 1. a set of phenomena | a. электроприборы, экономящие время и труд - |
| 2. a flow of electrical charge | b. долгосрочное использование |
| 3. to attract objects | с. заменять другие источники энергии |
| 4. throughout the industrial world | d. компактный источник энергии |
| 5. social and economic progress | e. создавать сети |
| 6. to turn to the past | f. улучшать обслуживание |
| 7. longstanding application | g. технологические достижения |
| 8. time and labor-saving appliances | h. уменьшать затраты |
| 9. to replace other sources of energy | i. существенные преимущества |
| 10. a compact source of electricity | j. передавать энергию |
| 11. to develop a generator | k. во всем индустриальном мире |
| 12. to invent the electric lamp | l. обеспечивать человечество энергией |
| 13. to set up networks | m. ряд явлений |
| 14. to consume – energy consumption per capita | n. поток электрических зарядов |
| 15. to improve service | o. притягивать объекты |
| 16. to reduce the cost | p. разработать генератор |
| 17. technological advances | q. изобрести электрическую лампочку |
| 18. essential advantages | r. социальные и экономические достижения |
| 19. to provide mankind with energy | s. обращаться к прошлому |
| 20. to transfer energy | t. потреблять – потребление энергии на душу населения |
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Задание 3. Напишите исходную форму, по которой нужно искать слово в словаре
Lives, saving, properties, batteries, begun, doubled, improved
Задание 4. Образуйте с помощью
а) префикса un- прилагательные с отрицательным значением и дайте их перевод на русский язык
1) important; 2) known; 3) usual; 4) equal; 5) used; 6) equal; 7) limited; 8) expected;
b) с помощью префикса in-
adequate, capable, complete, direct, experienced.
Задание 5. Переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы текста
Задание 6. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
1. What is electricity according to the text?
2. How long have electrical phenomena been known to mankind?
3. When did William Gilbert first begin to make a careful study of electricity and magnetism?
4. When did electrical power become universal?
5. What industries did electricity transform?
6. How is electricity used in our everyday life?
7. Could we watch TV without electricity?
8. When was the first generator developed?
9. Why is the generator better that the batteries and other devices?
10. What is Thomas Edison known for?
11. What were other achievements in electricity in the following years?
12. What are advantages of electricity?
13. Why do we say that electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future?
Задание 7. Составьте предложения согласно английскому порядку слов
1. imagine, life, our, we, now, without, electricity, can not
2. electrical, since, ancient, phenomena, times, been, studied, have
3. yesterday, we, the, topic, started, of, electricity
Задание 8. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных: active, necessary, high, available, variable, careful, many, short, long, good, bad, little.
Задание 9. Переведите с английского на русский язык, учитывая времена глагола в английском языке
1. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity.
2. Mediterranean knew that certain objects could be rubbed with cat’s fur to attract light objects like feathers.
3. The English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism.
4. The first industrial application of electricity was in the silver workshops in Paris.
5. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.
6. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices.
7. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams.
8. Electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.
9. The use of electricity gives a very convenient way to transfer energy and because of it has been adapted to a huge and growing number of uses.
10. Mankind is using and will be using electricity as a main source of energy in the near future.
11. Electricity will have provided mankind with the energy by the time when other sources of energy are discovered.
12. We shall use the term dielectrics to refer to a much wider class of materials than those used technically for this purpose.
13. Scientists define a dielectric as “Any substance that transmits electrical forces or effects by induction rather than by conduction.
14. There will undoubtedly be some unusual applications for this phenomenon in the future.
15. It is clear that titanium-nickel-based alloys will be useful in many areas.
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