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Образование Future-in-the-Past
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Если в придаточном предложении речь идет о будущем (т.е. последующем действии), то вместо вспомогательного глагола «shall» используется «should», а вместо «will» используется «would» перед смысловым глаголом. Такая форма глагола называется Future-in-the-Past и переводится на русский язык глаголом в будущем времени.
He said that he would examine the problem.
Он сказал, что он изучит проблему.
She knew that he would change the plan.
Она знала, что он изменит план.
He said that he would answer the letter immediately.
Он сказал, что немедленно ответит на письмо.
Exercise 3. Переведите на английский язык, используя правило согласования времен, когда необходимо.
1. Он говорит, что работает на этой атомной станции..
2. Он сказал, что работает на этой атомной станции.
3. Он говорит, что работал на этой атомной станции.
4. Он сказал, что работал.
5. Он говорит, что будет работать …
6. Он сказал, что будет работать ….
Страдательный залог
(The Passive Voice)
Если подлежащее в предложении не выполняет действие, а действие совершается над ним или с ним, то сказуемое при таком подлежащем используется в страдательном залоге.
I often ask questions.
Я (сама) часто задаю вопросы. (Действительный залог).
Iam often asked questions.
Мне часто задают вопросы. (Страдательный залог).
Особенностью английского языка является то, что независимо от того, является ли подлежащее действующим лицом или нет, оно всегда стоит в общем падеже. Важно различать залог сказуемого для правильного понимания предложения.
I often give advice.
Я часто даю советы
Iam often given advice.
Мне часто дают советы.
Формула Passive Voice
be + 3 ф. смыслового глагола
Exercise 5. Сравните сказуемые в следующих предложениях.
1. They often translate articles.
The articles are often translated (by them).
2. They translated articles yesterday.
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The articles weretranslated yesterday.
3. They will translate articles.
The articles will be translated.
4. They have just translated the articles.
The articles have just been translated.
5. They are translating the articles now.
The articles are being translated now.
6. I’ ll show you my photo.
I’ ll be shown his photo.
7. I gave him the article to read.
I was given the article to read.
Таблица времен глагола в страдательном залоге
Passive Voice
| Indefinite (Simple) | Present | I am asked He is asked |
| Past | I was asked They were asked | |
| Future | I shall be asked He will be asked | |
| Perfect (to have + P II) | Present | I have been asked He has been asked |
| Past | I had been asked | |
| Future | I shall have been asked He will have been asked | |
| Continuous (to be + P I) | Present | I am being asked He is being asked We are being asked |
| Past | I was being asked We were being asked | |
| Future | - |
Некоторые особенности перевода
Страдательного залога
(Peculiarities of Passive)
Pattern
He was told the news.
Ему рассказали новости.
They were promised discounts.
Им обещали скидки.
to show - показывать
to tell - говорить, рассказывать
to give - давать
to promise - обещать
to offer - предлагать
Exercise 6. Переведите на русский язык.
1. He has been shown his mistakes.
2. We were asked about it many times.
3. I was shown my room and offered a cup of tea.
4. We were told to wait.
5. I was granted a ten days’ leave.
Pattern II.
The article is often dealt with.
Со статьей часто имеют дело.
The article is often referred to.
На эту статью часто ссылаются.
The secretary will be sent for.
За секретарем пошлют.
to refer to - ссылаться на
to be referred to as - называться
to deal with - иметь дело с (касаться)
to depend on (upon) - зависеть от
to rely on (upon) - полагаться на
to insist on (upon) - настаивать на
to account for - объяснять чем-то
to speak of (about) - говорить о
to think of (about) - думать о
to send for - посылать за
to look for - искать
to look after - присматривать за
to look at - смотреть на
to work at - работать над
Exercise 7. Переведите на русский язык.
1. These terms will be insisted on.
2. This system is much spoken about.
3. New ways of solving the problem must be looked for.
4. This problem won’t be dealt with.
5. This theory is often referred to.
Pattern III
The report was followed by a discussion.
За докладом последовало обсуждение.
The result is influenced by a number of factors.
На результат влияет ряд факторов.
to follow - 1) следовать за, 2) придерживаться чего-либо
| to affect | - влиять на, действовать на |
| to influence |
to answer - отвечать на
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to join - присоединиться к
to watch - следить за
Exercise 8. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Our letter was answered in a month.
2. Our company was joined by some new specialists.
3. This law must be followed.
4. The results are strongly influenced by pressure.
5. The question was followed by an answer.
Exercise 9. Определите видо-временную форму глагола-сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык
1. Nuclear reactors have generated electricity commercially for more than 40 years and nearly 400 are in operation now.
2. Energy demand grew more slowly than it was expected in the past decade.
3. Experiments on the space shuttle will help to prepare astronauts for life aboard the International Space Station.
4. The transformer was invented and the first electric lines and networks were set up at the end of the 19th century.
5. Electric power has become universal.
6. Our power stations have been connected by high voltage transmission lines into several networks.
7. Experiments lead to new theories.
8. The microprocessor is being supported by state-of-the-art technology which allows to implement very sophisticated functions.
9. The newest electronic-memory systems have been made possible by modern semiconductor technology.
10. The goal of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid state components had been finally realized.
11. The microelectronics can be divided into its subfields which in turn are connected to other micro related fields.
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