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Контрольное задание № 2 V. A
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Прочитайте текст т выполните упражнения, следующие за ним.
ELECTRONICS
Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies. The nonlinear behavior of active components and their ability to control electron flows make it possible to amplify weak signals. That is why electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunications and signal processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into regular working systems.
Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people to discover new phenomena of nature. Automation of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.
The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid development of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals.
The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.
The transistor invented by American scientists W.Shockly, J.Bardeen and W.Brattain in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for high-speed computers or for microwave communication systems.
The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuits (IC), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science –integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling discrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. ICs greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.
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Задание 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим интернациональным словам:
electronics; electrons; physics; information; microelectronics; industrial design; to calculate trajectories; phenomena of nature; automation of production processes; organisms; vacuum tubes; specialized functions; progress in radio communication technology; transistor; electrode; components; to realize; communication system; technology; discrete component; chip.
Задание 2. Соотнесите английские и русские эквиваленты:
| 1. прикладная физика | a. power consumption |
| 2. передача и прием информации | b. integrated circuit (IC) |
| 3. поток электронов | c. to lower manufacturing costs |
| 4. трудно представить | d. batch processing |
| 5. научные исследования | e. a piece of semiconductor |
| 6. промышленное проектирование | f. a large variety of tubes |
| 7. вычислять траектории космических кораблей | g. high reliability |
| 8. обнаруживать явления природы | h. semiconductor technology |
| 9. благодаря электронике | i. a field of science |
| 10. отправная точка | j. applied physics |
| 11. способствовать управлению сигналами | k. to provide high speed |
| 12. быстрый рост | l. communication |
| 13. разнообразие ламп | m. a flow of electrons |
| 14. создание первых компьютеров | n. industrial designing |
| 15. полупроводниковый кристалл | o. assembling discrete components on chip |
| 16. потребление электроэнергии | p. the starting point |
| 17 высокая надежность | q. it is difficult to imagine |
| 18. высокоскоростной компьютер | r. to assist in manipulation of signals |
| 19. микроволновые системы связи | s. to discover the phenomena of nature |
| 20. полупроводниковая технология | t. to calculate the trajectories of spaceships |
| 21. область науки | u. creation of early computers |
| 22. интегральная схема | v. scientific research |
| пакетная обработка | w. high speed computer |
| 23. сборка дискретных компонентов на кристалле | x. due to electronics |
| 24. снизить производственные затраты | y. the rapid development |
| 25. обеспечить высокую скорость | z. microwave communication systems |
Задание 3. Переведите следующие «цепочки существительных»:
Power consumption; power consumption change; signals manipulation; transistor invention; circuit functions; communication systems; data processing system; integrated circuits development; science field; process control; automation process; information processing, signal processing.
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Задание 4. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова:
due to, shortly after, completely, the same, at a rate of,fast enough, far below, instead of, together with, one at a time, all at a time, at the same time.
Задание 5. Образуйте и переведите на русский язык глаголы, от следующих существительных:
design, generation, transmission, reception, storage, invention, development, manipulation
Задание 6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя информацию текста:
1. What is electronics? 2. Can you imagine modern life without electronics? 3. Where are electronic devices used? 4. What was the beginning of electronics development? 5. What made the progress in radio communication technology possible? 6. What is a transistor? 7. When was the transistor invented? 8. What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor? 9. When were integrated circuits discovered? 10. What advantages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?
Задание 7. Переведите письменно 2, 3 и 5 абзацы текста.
Задание 8. Переведите предложения на русский язык и определите видо-временную форму глагола и его залог.
1. A personal computer is based on a microprocessor.
2. Several important additional parts of a computer are called peripheral hardware.
3. The efforts are being made to get more and more circuit functions on a slice of silicon.
4. The first personal computer was put into operation in 1975.
5. The country has been provided with specialists capable of working with the technology of the future.
6. The ability to work with a computer is considered as a necessary basic skill required in many occupations.
7. A semiconductor company was faced with a choice between many available technologies.
8. Many other parameters will be taken into account for a given generation of computers.
9. By 1970 the performance capabilities of the devices had been increased.
10. The language of this kind of instructions has been formulated at a high level of abstraction.
11. The operating system is not designed for a single purpose.
12. Various kinds of composite ceramics have been developed by engineers recently.
13. The materials with different properties were produced during the last twenty years.
14. His project was much spoken about.
Задание 9. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный залог.
1. New robots carry out many functions.
2. Scientists and engineers are constantly using computers for research in different fields of science and industry.
3. They have designed a large variety of tubes for specialized functions.
4. American scientists invented transistors in 1948.
5. Electron flows amplify weak signals.
6. Digital information technologies transform the mixed components into regular working systems.
7. Most electronic devices use semiconductor components.
8. The design and construction of electronic circuits solve many practical problems.
9. John Kilby discovered integrated circuits in 1958.
10. ICs (integrated circuits) have significantly reduced the size of devices.
Задание 10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен.
1. It was reported that the invention of vacuum tubes had greatly improved the computer performance.
2. American scientists believed that a small piece of semiconductor with three electrodes would have great advantages over the best vacuum tubes.
3. We learned that the progress in semiconductor technology had led to the development of the integrated circuits.
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4. Everyone knew that the electronic devices were acting as switches.
5. Nobody could imagine that electronics would be of great importance in the progress of radio communication technology.
6. We found out from the lecture that electricity was still considered the main source for new technological development.
7. They learned that the creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized.
8. Finally he understood that early transistors had been able to respond at a rate of a few million times a second.
9. We knew different transistors were used in television systems.
10. It was known that with the invention of the transistors all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies.
Задание 11. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. Several special sensing elements had to be developed for use in this reactor.
2. It is not clear what is to be understood here by “position” and “space”.
3. When a liquid is not far from its freezing point, its structure cannot be very different from that of a solid.
4. It must be noted that the characteristics of steel can be changed in various ways.
5. One ought to know that it was in the Soviet Union that the first nuclear power plant went into operation in 1954.
6. When an installation is to be constructed the most suitable materials are to be found.
7. Absolute accuracy cannot be obtained with this kind of instrument; you should take the mean value of several observations.
8. When metals (in the molten condition) are allowed to cool they solidify in crystalline form.
9. Short waves are able to travel round the Earth and reach distant points, if they travel out into space.
10. The engineers had to solve a number of different tasks.
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