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Контрольное задание № 2 V. B
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Прочитайте текст и выполните упражнения, следующие за ним.
MICROELECTRONICS
The remarkable success of information and telecommunication technology within the last few decades has been facilitated by the phenomenal growth of the microelectronics technology. While nanotechnology has future prospects, microelectronics has already transformed global competition and commerce. It offers strategic advantages to firms, institutions and nations through its capacity to develop products and services cheaply and efficiently. It is the engine that drives present global commerce and industry.
The world has experienced many new dimensions in knowledge acquisition, criterion, dissemination and usage courtesy of this technology. The advancement of Internet and digital photography could all be linked to better performance from microchips. When microelectronics technology advances, a dawn emerges in global economy in speed, efficiency and capacity.
Microelectronics is considered to be a very revolutionary technology for the dynamics of the global economy. Because Internet, medicine, entertainment and many other industries cannot substantially advance without this technology, it has a vantage position in engineering education in many developed nations.
Microelectronics is a group of technologies that integrate multiple devices into a small physical area. The dimension is about 1000 larger than nanotechnology dimension; micrometer vs1 nanometer. Usually, these devices are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium using lithography, a process that involves the transfer of design patterns onto a silicon wafer. There are accompanying processes which include etching, oxidation, diffusion, etc. Several components are available in microelectronic scale such as transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, insulators and conductors.
The microelectronics can be divided to its subfields which in turn are connected to other micro related fields. These subfields are micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and single electron devices. Integrated circuits or microchips are typical microelectronic devices, which can be found in computers, mobile phones, medical devices, toys and automobiles. There is a high level of convergence between nanotechnology and microelectronics. The major difference lies in the size of the materials; nonetheless, the techniques are very different.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor is the most common transistor used in the industry owing to its ease of integration and low static power dissipation. Bipolar junction transistor is another popular version. With the sizes of CMOS transistor in the nanometer range, the behaviors of the transistors are radically affected by parasitic noise and power dissipation. These problems pose potential challenges to the continuous progress of CMOS technology and microelectronics industry in general.
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The survivability of Moore’s Law (after Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel Corp) which states that the numbers of transistors in a semiconductor die double every 18 to 24 months, is presently challenged if engineers cannot downscale the transistor size any further efficiently. This scaling has been the driver that has enabled microelectronics products to improve in speed, capacity and cost-efficiency. Many efforts have been geared to overcome the problems faced in the industry as transistors scale into the deep nanometer. They include improving the structure of the metals and polysilicon materials used in making the devices, more enhanced doping profile, new materials to keep the industry alive and well into the future.
1vs. versus лат. против
Задание 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты для следующих интернациональных слов:
Telecommunication, technology, nanotechnology, prospect, transform, strategic, service, global, commerce, criterion, microchip, revolutionary, dynamics, engineering, physical, nanometer, semiconductor, transistor, capacitor, inductor, resistor, diode, insulator, conductor, optoelectronics, nanoelectronics, integration, polysilicon
Задание 2. Определите по суффиксу, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:
success, cheaply, information, phenomenal, future, digital, industry, advancement,
economy, education, engineering, available, micrometer, microelectronic,
microelectronics, conductor, efficiently, capacity.
Задание 3. Переведите цепочки следующих существительных:
telecommunication technology, microelectronics technology, knowledge acquisition,
usage courtesy, engineering education, nanotechnology dimension, silicon wafer,
electronic devices, power dissipation, junction transistor, microelectronics industry,
microelectronics products, polysilicon materials, doping profile
Задание 4. Укажите недостающие степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий:
few, remarkable, high, deep, global, lowest, many, small, well, radically, better
Задание 5. Переведите следующие слова и сочетания:
within the last few decades, future prospects, while, such as, a high level of,
nonetheless, major difference, the numbers of, many efforts, global commerce and industry
Задание 6. Запишите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные, и переведите их:
information, experience, acquisition, dissemination, usage, advancement, performance,
convergence, dissipation, dimensions, oxidation, diffusion
Задание 7. Укажите прилагательные, от которых образованы следующие существительные:
success, technology, revolution, dimension, industry, computer, scale, enhancement, continuity
Задание 8. Соотнесите английские и русские эквиваленты.
| 1. Phenomenal growth of electronics technology | a) шаблон проектирования |
| 2. Global competition and commerce | b) структура металл-оксид-полупроводник |
| 3. Vantage position | c) за последние несколько десятков лет |
| 4. Transfer of design patterns into a silicon wafer | d) перспективы на будущее |
| 5. Other micro related fields | e) микроэлектронная технология |
| 6. Integrated circuits | f) правила применения этой технологии |
| 7. High level of convergence | g) выигрышное положение |
| 8. Metal oxide semiconductor transistor | h) феноменальное развитие микроэлектронной технологии |
| 9. Parasitic noise and power dissipation | i) глобальная конкуренция и торговля |
| 10. Within the last few decades | j) другие связанные с микроэлектроникой области |
| 11. Future prospects | k) приборы изготавливаются из проводников, таких как кремний и германий |
| 12. To offer strategic advantages | l) интегральные схемы |
| 13. Usage courtesy of this technology | m) перенос шаблона проектирования на плату |
| 14. Micro electromechanical systems | n) транзистор с биполярным переходом |
| 15. Devices are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium | o) паразитные шумы и потеря мощности |
| 16. Bipolar junction transistor | p) высокий уровень слияния |
| 17. Parasitic noise and power dissipation | q) давать стратегические преимущества |
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Задание 9. Письменно переведите 1,3, 4, абзацы текста.
Задание 10. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
1. What has been facilitated by the phenomenal growth of the microelectronics technology?
2. What does it offer to firms, institutions and nations?
3. The advancement of what could be linked to better performance from microchips?
4. What is microelectronics?
5. What components are available in microelectronic scale?
6. How can microelectronics be divided?
7. What are integrated circuits or microchips?
8. What is the most common transistor?
9. What are the behaviors of transistors affected by?
10. Where does the major difference lie in?
Задание 11. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. One must know that this material possesses necessary mechanical and physical properties.
2. Experiments for safety systems are to be carried out in many countries.
3. It should be possible to apply redundancy on the components of logic-element level.
4. The analysis of logic circuits can be made for switching elements like relays and for larger units.
5. The electronic circuit is able to produce a repetitive oscillating signal.
6. The circuit should produce oscillating current of constant frequency.
7. The method used for determining neutron flux disturbances can provide a reasonable local indication.
8. No information can be obtained using this method.
9. The definitions of the most important parameters are to be accepted internationally.
10. The control system can provide the required power level from above or below.
11. A logic network with relays can be made more reliable by applying redundancy to the single contacts.
12. It is not allowed to apply redundancy to the individual logic elements in the same was as to the relay contacts.
Задание 12. Переведите на русский язык, учитывая видо-временную форму сказуемого и его залог.
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1. The microelectronics can be divided to its subfields which in turn are connected to other micro related fields.
2. The success of information and telecommunication technology has been facilitated by the growth of the microelectronics technology.
3. Usually, these devices are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium.
4. The behaviors of the transistors are radically affected by parasitic noise and power dissipation.
5. There are other things which are not influenced in a similar way by the temperature.
6. We are, in the modern world, completely surrounded by science and by technological achievements which science makes possible.
13. We consider first simplified picture in which the hydrogen atom is acted upon by a uniform static electric field.
14. The work was summarized and additional data presented, together with a description of the apparatus and the results were obtained when the chamber was filled with helium.
15. The mass of the electron is greatly exceeded by that of an atom.
16. Only a few of the transistors are followed by internal conversion.
17. The propagation of these waves is not affected by the details of the atomic arrangement.
18. In order to avoid this complexity the transistor is constructed according to a different plan, in which the current flow is lateral rather than vertical.
19. Microprocessors are being widely used nowadays.
20. The techniques applied in making gates for digital logic have also been applied to the development of other kinds of microelectronic devices.
21. Several kinds of microelectronic transistors have been developed, and for each of them families of associated circuit elements and circuit patterns have evolved.
Задание 13. Переведите, учитывая правило согласования времён.
1. Scientists wanted to know if those substances also gave rise to X-rays.
2. At first they did not know whether their experiments would be successful.
3. The question was whether a machine could think.
4. The safety engineers knew that the diode passed current only in one direction.
5. It was reported that the foundations of quantum electronics had been developed by Russian physicists- academicians N. Basov and A. Prokhorov.
6. It was recognized that the progress of electronics, especially of microelectronics, and the growing application of quantum generators had made it possible to make industrial processes fully automatic.
7. The engineers knew that an amplifier design of that type would provide excellent gain and improve other performance characteristics.
8. It was admitted that the advent of microelectronic circuits had not, for the most part, changed the nature of the basic functional units: transistors, resistors, capacitors.
9. The experiments showed that the reduction in power consumption made it possible to pack circuits very densely without creating problems arising from the necessity to dissipate heat.
10. The fact was that in many computers a number of processors were connected together to form a distributed-processing network.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С., Скубриева А.И. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов. М., Изд. МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана. 2005.
2. Зайцева Л.П., Бух М.А. Микроэлектроника: настоящее и будущее. Пособие по английскому языку для технических вузов. Ь., «Высшая шкова», 1990.
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3. Зайцева Л.П., Чупрына О.Г. Микропроцессоры в поисках информации. М., «Высшая школа», 1988.
4. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Учебник английского языка для заочных отделений. Москва «Высшая школа» 1980 г.
5. Шахова Н.И. Learn to read science. Курс английского языка для аспирантов. Изд. «Флинта», изд. «Наука» 2004г.
6. Фролькис Э.Д. Talk Science. Изд. «Наука» 1978г.
7. Fabre E.M., Esteras S.R. Professional English in Use. For computers and Internet. Cambridge University Press. 2007.
8. ru.Vikipedia www.com.
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