 |
Litigation – судебный процесс, спор, тяжба
|
|
|
|
civil litigation – судебный процесс по гражданскому делу
local litigation – тяжба в местном суде
litigation expenses – судебные издержки
issue in the litigation – предмет судебного спора
Lawsuit – судебный процесс, судебное дело, иск, тяжба, правовой спор, судебный спор, судебное разбирательство
to be cast in lawsuit – проиграть судебный процесс
party to a lawsuit – сторона по делу
to file a lawsuit – подать иск
Suit – судебный процесс, иск, преследование по суду, судебное дело, судебная тяжба, судопроизводство
to win / to lose a suit – выиграть / проиграть судебный процесс
to mount a suit – предъявить иск
to press a suit – оказывать давление на ход судебного процесса
to bring a suit – возбудить дело, тяжбу
Trial – судебный процесс, судебное разбирательство, слушание дела
open (-court) trial – открытый судебный процесс
to conduct / hold a trial – вести судебный процесс
staged trial – инсценированный судебный процесс
trial by jury – рассмотрение дела с участием присяжных
to bring to trial / to put (up) on trial / to place on trial – предать суду
to face trial – предстать перед судом
to stand trial – отвечать перед судом
civil trial – гражданское судопроизводство
criminal trial – уголовное судопроизводство
preliminary trial – предварительное слушание дела
case for trial / trial case – дело, подлежащее судебному рассмотрению
case on trial – дело на стадии судебного рассмотрения
delay in trial – задержка судебного разбирательства, отсрочка судебного разбирательства
trial docket / trial list – список дел к слушанию
investigation at the trial – судебное следствие
party to a trial - сторона в процессе, участник процесса
Cause – судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба
legal cause – судебное дело, законное основание
major / minor cause – дело о тяжком / малозначительном правонарушении
costs in the cause – судебные издержки, издержки в процессе
|
|
|
cause list – список дел к слушанию
side in a cause – сторона по делу
Controversy – гражданский судебный процесс, правовой спор, судебный спор
legal controversy – правовой спор, судебный спор
to decide a controversy – решить спор
party in controversy – сторона в судебном споре
Process – судебный процесс, процедура, порядок, производство дел, судопроизводство, процессуальные нормы
arrest process – приказ суда об аресте
Proceeding(s) – судебный процесс, рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, производство по делу, судопроизводство
to take criminal proceeding(s) – возбудить уголовное преследование
civil proceeding(s) – гражданское производство
criminal proceeding(s) – уголовное судопроизводство
forfeiture proceeding(s) – процедура конфискации
Find in the list above the English equivalents for the following Russian expressions:
1. судебные издержки
2. сторона по делу
3. тяжба
4. проиграть / выиграть судебный процесс
5. возбудить дело
6. предъявить иск
There are many Latin terms in written English legal text, although recent reforms in the English justice system have encouraged the use of English rather than Latin. Some Latin terms are used so frequently that they are in general English use (e.g. ad hoc, bona fide, pro rata etc.). It is useful to be able to recognize their meaning and a dictionary will help you. Forms of pronunciation vary.
Ad hoc – for this purpose
Affidavit – witnessed, signed statement
Bona fide – in good faith
Caveat – warning
De facto – in fact
De jure – by right
Et cetera (etc.) – and so on
Exempli gratia (e.g.) – for example
Ex parte (ex p.) – by a party without notice
Id est (i.e.) – that is
In camera – hearing a case in private
In cruria – in open court
In situ – in its original situation
Inter alia – among other things
Ipso facto – by the fact
Per pro – on behalf of another
Per se – by itself
Prima facie – at first sight
Pro rata – in proportion
Quasi – as if it were
Sub judice – in the course of trial
Ultra vires – beyond the power
Videlicet (viz) – namely
A number of linking terms are used in older written legal texts (case reports, legislation, court documentation, etc.) to refer to other parts of the same text, to different legal documents, or to related contexts.
Hereafter – after this
Hereby – in this way / by this
Herein – in this (document)
Hereof – of this
Hereto – to this
Herewith – with this
Notwithstanding – despite
Thereafter – after that
Thereby – in that way / by that
Therein – in that (document)
Thereof – of that
Thereto – to that
Therewith – with that
|
|
|
Тема № 13
Судебная система Великобритании
1. Repeat after the speaker:
Professional statute [prq’feSnql ‘stxtju:t]
Precedent [‘presidqnt]
Process [‘prquses]
Analogy [q ‘nxlqGi]
Scheme [ski:m]
Magistrate [‘mxGistreit]
Appeal [ x’pi:l]
Central [‘sentrql]
Final [fainl]
Appellate [ q’pilit]
Memorize the following universally accepted translations of the terms describing the elements of the English court system.
The European Court of Justice – Суд Европейских Сообществ
The Court of Appeal – Апелляционный суд
The High Court – Высокий суд
The Crown Court – Суд Короны
County court – Суд Графств
Magistrates’ court – Суд Магистров, Мировой суд
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council – Судебный комитет Тайного совета
The Queen’s Bench Division – Отделение королевской скамьи
The Commercial Court – Коммерческий суд, суд по делам торговли
The Admiralty Court – Суд по морским делам, морской суд
The Administrative Court – Административный суд
The Family Division – Отделение по семейным делам
The Chancery Division – Канцелярское отделение
The Divisional Court – Апелляционное присутствие
The Civil Division – Отделение по гражданским делам
The Criminal Division – Отделение по уголовным делам
Law Lords – Судебные лорды (члены апелляционного комитета палаты лордов)
The Lord Chief Justice – лорд-главный судья
Lord Justice of Appeal – судья апелляционного суда
The Supreme Court – Верховный суд
3. The word CASE has the following legal meaning in Russian:
Судебное дело, судебный процесс
legal case – судебное дело
Случай, прецедент
to follow the case - следовать прецеденту
Судебная практика
under the case - в соответствии с судебной практикой
Судебный иск
to bring a case - возбудить иск
4. Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:
1) to argue / plead a case a) возбудить иск, обвинение, судебное дело
2) to decide a case b) выиграть дело, выиграть процесс
3) to hear / try a case с) вынести решение по делу
4) to lose a case d) рассматривать судебное дело
5) to win a case e) оспаривать обвинение, выступать в защиту
обвиняемого
6) to dismiss a case f) пересмотреть дело
7) to file a case g) подать иск
8) to initiate a case h) прекратить дело
9) to review a case i) проиграть дело / судебный процесс
Text № 1
1. Some new words for the text:
Source источник
Distinction различие
Statute статут, законодательный акт
Common Law and Equity общее право и право справедливости
Case law, judge-made law прецедентное право
Judicial precedent судебный прецедент
Similar подобный, похожий
Judgement судебное решение
Preside председательствовать
Justice of the Peace (JP) мировой судья
Judgemade право, созданное на основе судебной практики
|
|
|
Accused обвиняемый
To try разбирать в судебном порядке
County графство
Crown королевский
Trial судебное разбирательство
Jury присяжные
Juvenile подросток, несовершеннолетний
Coroner коронер (следователь, специальной функцией
которого является расследование случаев
насильственной или внезапной смерти)
Defendant подзащитный
Violent насильственный
Fair справедливый
Taxation налогообложение
2. Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. How many systems of law are there in the United Kingdom?
2. What sources of law do these systems include?
3. What does the term «judicial precedent» mean?
4. What kinds of courts are there in the United Kingdom?
5. What are their functions?
British Courts
There are four countries and three separate systems of law in the United Kingdom: the legal system of law and courts of 1.England and Wales; 2.Scotland; 3.Northern Ireland. However, there are some common features to all systems in the U.K.: the sources of law, the distinctions between civil and criminal law.
The sources of law include written law (statutes, Acts of Parliament) and unwritten law (Common law and Equity). Common law is based on judicial precedent. It means that when one judge had decided a point of law, any other judge who has the similar set of facts must decide case in the same way as in the earlier judgement.
The lowest courts are called Magistrates’ courts, or police courts. Magistrates’ courts are presided over by Justices of the Peace (JP), or lay magistrates. They work part-time and are unpaid. The courts consist of between two to seven magistrates. There are about 700 magistrates’ courts and about 30,000magistrates.
More serious criminal cases go to the Crown court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Appeals from Magistrates’ courts are also heard there. The accused have the right to be tried by the jury.
There is the Central Criminal Court of London. It is known as the Old Bailey.
County courts are the main civil courts. The High court hears all those civil cases that cannot be decided by county courts.
The Court of Appeal hears both criminal and civil appeals. But the final criminal appellate tribunal is the House of Lords. Ten judges in the House of Lords are called the «Law Lords».
The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners’ courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).
3. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
Источник права; различие между уголовным и гражданским правом; основанное на судебном прецеденте; подобные факты; суды низшей инстанции; работать бесплатно; иметь право на судебное разбирательство с судом присяжных; гражданские апелляции; члены палаты лордов, рассматривающие судебные дела, правонарушитель, насильственная смерть.
|
|
|
4. Give as many word combinations as you can with the given words:
To try (уголовное дело, гражданское дело и т.д.);
Court (низшей инстанции, апелляционный, мировой и т.д.);
Case (возбудить, судебное, решать и т.д.);
To appoint (председателя суда, судью, прокурора и т.д.).
5. Find in the text above the Russian equivalents for the following key words and expressions:
- separate system of law
- common features
- lay magistrate
- to work part-time
- a point of law
- unwritten law
- to hear criminal appeals
- final appellate tribunal
- juvenile courts
- administrative tribunals
- fair decisions
- sudden and unnatural deaths.
6. Write down the words from which the adjectives are formed and translate the words into Russian:
Judicial __________________ parliamentary ________________
Constitutional _____________ decisive _____________________
Systematical _______________ unwritten ____________________
Elementary ________________ conventional _________________
Legislative ________________ knowledgeable _______________
Governmental _____________ advisory ____________________
7. Make up 6 sentences and try to say each of them by heart:
1. Magistrates’ courts. 1. hears all civil cases that cannot be
decided by county courts.
2. County courts. 2. is the final appellate tribunal.
3. Crown courts. 3. are the main civil courts.
4. High court. 4. try the majority of all criminal cases and
some civil cases.
5. Court of Appeal. 5. hears both criminal and civil appeals.
6. House of Lords. 6. deals with all the more serious criminal
cases.
8. Confirm or deny the statements using the following phrases:
It’s right…
Quite so…
I quite agree with it…
I don’t agree with it…
Excuse me but…
On the contrary…
I am afraid it’s not quite so…
1. There are two separate systems of law in the United Kingdom.
2. Common law is based on judicial precedent.
3. The lowest courts are called Crown courts.
4. The Crown courts consist of between two to seven magistrates.
5. County courts are the main criminal courts.
6. The Court of Appeals hears only civil appeals.
7. The final criminal appellate tribunal is the House of Commons.
8. There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair
decisions with much less formality.
9. Use the verbs in the correct forms and translate the sentences:
1. Prosecution in the UK (to initiate) and conducted by the police.
2. Police courts in towns (to hear) less serious cases.
3. Police courts (to consist) of 2 – 7 justices of the peace who (to be) often without legal training.
4. In some cases the magistrates (to advise) by Clerks of the Court.
5. A magistrates’ court (to be) in session two times a week.
10. Choose the correct form and translate the sentences:
1. If a person breaks the law he must bring/be brought first before a magistrates’ court.
2. A magistrates’ court has the power to fine/to be fined people up to 100 pounds.
3. A magistrates’ court can also send/be sent people to prison for up to six months.
4. If a case is too serious it sends/is sent to the Crown Court.
5. If there are any appeals they send/are sent to the Court of Appeals.
6. Appeals on very serious cases consider/are considered by the House of Lords Court of Appeals.
11. Retell the text using the following key word combinations:
Three separate systems of law; based on judicial precedent; to have similar set of facts; to work part-time; to deal with all more serious cases; the main civil courts; the final criminal appellate tribunal; juvenile courts; coroners’ courts.
12. Give the explanation of the following in English:
a) the Old Bailey;
b) Law Lords.
13. Translate the following definitions into Russian:
1. trial – the presentation of evidence in court to a tier of facts who applies the applicable law to those facts and then decides the case.
2. action – proceeding taken in court synonymous to case, suit, lawsuit.
3. evidence – a form of proof legally presented at a trial through witnesses, records, documents, etc.
4. stipendiary – full-time paid magistrate who has qualified as a lawyer.
5. lay magistrate – unpaid and established member of the local community.
6. plaintiff –the party who begins an action, complains or sues.
|
|
|
14. Circle the odd ones out:
1. prosecution defence theft
2. sentence alibi excuse
3. verdict decision complaint
4. try convict find guilty
5. evidence court proof
6. lawyer judge defendant
|
|
|
