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Homework. 1. Read the sentences and choose the word which best fits each space. In some sentences two words may fit. 2. Express the same idea using the words in bold
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Homework.
1. Read the sentences and choose the word which best fits each space. In some sentences two words may fit
2. Internal combustion engine is smaller and lighter than a steam engine _____________ it does not have a boiler.
a) as b) because c) because of
3. Now the internal combustion engine is used all over the world ________________ it is very economical.
a) as b) because c) because of
4. ________________the head is fastened to the block and as the cylinder walls are either in the block or are a part of the block, the only object that can move is the piston.
a) as b) because c) because of
5. The compression-ignition engine never has a carburetor ______________ the fuel is forced into the cylinder space by an injector.
a) as b) because c) because of
6. ____________ the higher pressure in the diesel engine it has heavier parts than the gasoline engines.
a) as b) because c) because of
7. ____________ the piston moves toward the head, the exhaust gases are pushed from the combustion chamber.
a) as b) because c) because of
2. Express the same idea using the words in bold
1. During the compression stroke the piston moves from the bottom to the top of the cylinder.
upwards
2. A flywheel is a heavy wheel that keeps a machine working at a steady speed.
is used to
3. During the intake stroke the piston stars its downward motion and the intake valve opens at the same time.
synchronously
4. The combustible mixture is ignited by an electric spark.
is used to
5. The piston goes upward and drives the exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
in order to
6. The ordinary Otto-cycle engine is a four-stroke one; that is, its pistons
make four strokes, two away from the crankshaft, and two in the direction of the crankshaft.
toward the crankshaft
UNIT X. CONSOLIDATION
1. Do the tests
| mixture | нижняя мертвая точка |
| stroke | клапан |
| cylinder | верхняя мертвая точка |
| piston | смесь |
| cylinder head | топливо |
| crankshaft | цилиндр |
| fuel | поршень |
| valve | смесь |
| top dead center | коленвал |
| bottom dead center | такт |
| spark plug | головка цилиндра |
| move | поворачивать |
| require | толкать |
| draw/pull | достигать |
| push | приводить в движение |
| compress/squeeze | производить |
| drive | воспламенять |
| force | расширяться |
| ignite | испускать |
| produce | двигать(ся) |
| expand | тянуть |
| reach | оказывать воздействие |
| turn | требовать |
| release | сжимать |
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2. Translate the adverb
Backward, forward, inward, leftward, rightward, outward, downward
3. Complete the sentences
1. The function of a spark plug is to _______________________________________.
2. The connecting rod is used in order to ______________ _________.
3. The function of a flywheel is ______________________________.
4. We use internal combustion engines so as to _________________.
5. More than one cylinder are employed in most cars so as to _______.
4. Read the sentences and choose the proper word to fill the gap
1. The first engines were used for irrigating fields, ____________ a wind-powered engine was invented.
a) after b) before c) then
2. At the moment __________ the piston is at the end of the compression stroke, the fuel-air mixture is ignited by the spark plug.
a) then b) when c) because
3. In1876 N. Otto invented his four-stroke cycle engine, _________ in 1879 Karl Benz, working independently, invented two-stroke gas engine.
a) because b) after c) then
4. The fuel and air are drawn into the cylinder, __________ the air-fuel mixture are compressed by the piston.
a) when b) than c) then
5. Shortly ____________ the piston reaches top dead center, the air-fuel mixture is sprayed into the cylinder.
a) because of b) after c) before
6. ____________ the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens.
a) as b) because of c) because
7. All engines must be equipped with cooling system _____________ the heat of combustion.
a) because b) because of c) as
8. A reciprocating engine is an engine that uses one or more pistons ___________ convert pressure into rotating motion.
a) as b) because of c) in order to
9. Single- and two-cylinder engines are common in small vehicle such ___________ motorcycles.
a) as b) so as to c) because
5. Form derivatives from the words in the left column
| noun | adjective | participle I | |
| mix | |||
| produce | |||
| ignite | |||
| burn | |||
| turn | |||
| consider | |||
| operate | |||
| expand | |||
| vary | |||
| convert | |||
| require |
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6. Read the text and choose the proper words in brackets
A. The internal combustion engine is now used in cars, diesel locomotives and motor ships. But (in order to/because of/ as) enable airplanes to fly faster than the speed of sound another, more powerful engine was needed. (because/so as to/eventuall y ), one was invented and it was given the name «jet engine". The gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees. It is made of a very resistant metal so that it will not melt.
B. Pistons, inside the cylinders, compress the mixture, which is (as / then/because) ignited by a spark plug. (So as to/Because of / A s ) the mixture burns, it expands and forces the piston down on its power stroke.
C. (In order to/because/because of) provide an electric spark for the ignition of the fuel-air mixture a spark ignition engine may have magneto ignition or battery ignition. The battery ignition system is an electric device that transforms the voltage of 6 to 12 volt batteries to 15000 or 20000 volts and delivers it to the spark plug (as/so as to/because) ignite the fuel charge.
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