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6. Read the texts (A, B) and complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the box
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6. Read the texts (A, B) and complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the box
| a) chambers, b) place, c) combustion, d) head |
A.
Stationary Engine Parts of the Engine
The stationary engine parts are the cylinder block, the crankcase and the cylinder 1____________. The cylinder block is one of the basic parts of the engine. The process of 2____________ takes place within the cylinders. The crankcase is a part of the cylinder block. It supports the crankshaft and keeps the lubricating oil (смазка) near the engine parts. The cylinder heads close the cylinders. The cylinders and the cylinder heads form the combustion 3____________. The burning of fuel takes 4__________ within the combustion chambers.
B.
| a) rod, b) head, c) cylinder, d) piston |
When the crankshaft rotates it moves the 1______________ down the cylinder by means of the connecting 2______________. The piston draws the air and fuel into the 3____________. Then the piston moves up, the valve closes and the piston compresses the air between the piston and the cylinder 4_____________.
7. Read and translate the sentences
1. There are two outward strokes toward the crankshaft and two inward strokes away from the crankshaft.
2. During the final stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and the piston moves toward the cylinder head.
3. In a two-stroke cycle a combustible gaseous mixture is compressed in the cylinder during the outward stroke of the piston, and burns and expands during the following inward stroke.
4. Although Papin’s device (1689) had limited application, it was a significant step towards the development of a practical steam engine.
5. During the power stroke piston is pushed downwards by the hot exhaust gases.
6. The rapid expansion of combustion gases drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft.
7. When the piston is at the end of the outward stroke (toward the crankshaft) this is the bottom dead center (BDC).
8. There are two outward strokes toward the crankshaft and two inward strokes away from the crankshaft.
8. Read the text and choose the correct alternative in brackets
The first commercially practical internal (combust/combustion) engine was built by a French engineer, Etienne Lenoir, about 1859-1860. It (used/was used) illuminating gas as fuel. Two years (late/ later), Alphonse Beau de Rochas enunciated the principles of the four-stroke cycle, but Nickolaus August Otto (built/was built) the first (successful/success) engine (1876) operating on (thi s /these) principle.
9. Insert “in order to, so as to” in the sentences
1. All engine systems are used provide the proper operation of the internal combustion engine.
2. In the fuel system of the gasoline engine a carburettor is used mix air and fuel.
3. The internal combustion engine burns the fuel inside the cylinders produce power.
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4. The exhaust system is used take hot waste gases from the engine.
5. To produce rotary motion, it is necessary to have torque.
6. In a car the linear motion of the pistons must be converted into rotary motion to make the wheels turn.
Listening
9. Listen to the text. For questions 1-6 choose the best answer a, b or c
1. When Otto went to school, he ____________________________________.
a) wasn’t interested in studying
b) did well
b) wasn’t good at most subjects
2. Otto chose the job of a merchant __________________________________.
a) himself
b) because his mother wanted it
c) he did badly at school
3. Otto became interested in engines _________________________________.
a) when he travelled doing his work
b) because he met Etienne Lenoir, the inventor of engines
c) when he decided to get a technical education
4. Otto’s first two-stroke engine ran on ________________________________.
a) gasoline
b) solid fuel
c) steam
5. When Otto built a factory he________________________________________.
a) became a rich man
b) got a few patents on engine parts
c) continued to improve his engine
6. The first four-stroke internal combustion engine was invented in ____________.
a) 1848
b) 1861
c) 1976
7. Otto cycle engine pulled __________in the cylinder.
a) pure air
b) air-fuel mixture
c) only fuel
8. Otto’s engine was _________________________________________________.
a) not successful,
b) more successful than the steam engine
c) less successful than the steam engine
10. Translate the text
The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels (колеса) go around and the car move. It is usually called an internal-combustion engine because gasoline is burned within its cylinders or combustion chambers. This burning, or combustion, takes place at such high speed that it is called an " explosion"; the high pressure created by this explosion causes a shaft to turn or rotate. This rotary motion is transmitted to the car wheels. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-, twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are in use.
11. Do the test
Use of English
I. Fill in the gaps in the following text with the correct form of the words:
| 1. During the compression stroke the piston __________ | move |
| 2. toward the cylinder head and _______________ | compress |
| 3. the air-fuel mixture in the _____________ chamber. | combust |
| 4. At the end of ___________ stroke the volume of the | these |
| 5. combustion chamber is at a minimum, the air-fuel_____ | mix |
| 6. is _________ by the spark plug and burns. The explosive | ignite |
| 7. gases ___________ and push the piston downward. | expanding |
II. In this text some lines contain s word that should not be there. Decide which lines contain them and correct:
1. During the intake stroke the crankshaft is
2. rotates and moves the piston down the cylinder
3. by means of the connecting rod. The piston draws
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4. the air and a fuel into the cylinder. The intake
5. valve closes and the piston to starts moving upward
6. in order for to compress the air between the piston
7. and the cylinder head. The temperature of
8. the compressed air is a very high.
III. For questions 1-4 read the text and decide which answer A, B, C best fits each space:
The internal combustion engine 1____________ reciprocating parts: pistons, rings, valves and 2_____________ rods. 3___________ parts cause engine vibration. The piston moves up and down within the cylinder. The piston head receives the force of the 4_____________ of fuel within the cylinder and 5____________ it to the piston pin, connecting rod and crankshaft.
1. a) has b) have c) having
2. a) connected b) connecting c) connect
3. a) this b) these c) that
4. a) combustion b) combust c) combustible
5. a) transmit b) transmits c) transmitted
IV. Read the text and think of the word which best fits each space
There are some principles of engine operation. Engines 1_____________ on cycles. There are four strokes of the 2_____________in one cycle of engine operation. There 3_____________ two outward strokes toward the crankshaft and two inward strokes away from the 4______________.
V. Express the same idea using the words in bold:
1. Steam engine was invented before gasoline engine.
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