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Conclusions. Abbreviations. References. CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar. Blood-epididymis barriers. CAS Article Google Scholar
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Conclusions
In the past few years, GFNs have been widely utilized in a wide range of technological and biomedical fields. Currently, most experiments have focused on the toxicity of GFNs in the lungs and livers. Therefore, studies of brain injury or neurotoxicity deserve more attention in the future. Many experiments have shown that GFNs have toxic side effects in many biological applications, but the in-depth study of toxicity mechanisms is urgently needed. In addition, contrasting results regarding the toxicity of GFNs need to be addressed by effective experimental methods and systematic studies. This review provides an overview of the toxicity of GFNs by summarizing the toxicokinetics, toxicity mechanisms and influencing factors and aimed to provide information to facilitate thorough research on the in vitro and in vivo haemo- and biocompatibility of GFNs in the future. This review will help address safety concerns before the clinical and therapeutic applications of GFNs, which will be important for further development of GFNs in biological applications.
Abbreviations
AMs:
Alveolar macrophages
BBB:
Blood-brain barrier
BEB:
Blood-epididymis barriers
BTB:
Blood-testis barrier
CR:
Complement receptor
FcgR:
Fcg receptor
FLG:
Few-layer graphene
GFNs:
Graphene family nanomaterials
GNS:
Graphene nanosheets
GO:
Graphene oxide
GO-COOH:
Carboxylated graphene oxide
GO-DEX:
GO-dextran
GO-MB:
GO-molecular beacon
GO-NH2:
Aminated GO
GO-PAA:
Poly(acrylic acid)-functionalized GO
GO-PAM:
Poly(acrylamide)-functionalized GO
GO-PEG:
PEGylated GO derivatives
GO-PEI:
GO-polyethylenimine
GQDs:
Graphene quantum dots
GSH-PX:
Glutathione peroxidase
GXVG:
Carboxyl graphene
LDH:
Lactate and dehydrogenase
MALDI:
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
MAPKs:
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDA:
Malondialdehyde
MØ:
Macrophage
MR:
Mannose receptor
MSI:
Mass spectrometry imaging
PC12 cells:
Rat pheochromocytoma cells
PCGO:
Protein-coated graphene oxide nanoparticles
PrGO:
PEGylated reduced graphene oxide
RES:
Reticuloendothelial system
rGO:
Reduced graphene oxide
ROS:
Reactive oxygen species
SOD:
Superoxide dismutase
TLRs:
Toll-like receptor
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