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Text С. The Corpuscular Elements of Blood
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Blood is a fluid tissue with many various functions. Not only important physiological process takes place in the blood but it determines the activity of widely separated body cells.
Blood is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements which are called red corpuscles or erythrocytes, white corpuscles or leucocytes and blood platelets or thrombocytes.
It is generally considered that no sex differences exist in the count of white corpuscles or leucocytes. The count of leucocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4,500 to 9,500 per cu mm (cubic millimetre). When the number of white blood cells (WBC) is counted after mental or physical exertion, meals and mild activity it may increase to 10,000 and more per cu mm.
It is estimated that the erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements, ranging from 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 per cu mm. The red blood cell count (RBC) may change with age; when the red blood cell count is done after physical exertion and emotions it may increase.
One knows that red corpuscles have two physical features which are very important in the function of respiration. They have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them the possibility to pass through very small capillaries. The discoid form of the corpuscle gives it a maximal surface for a given mass.
The most important part of the red cell is its red colouring substance or hemoglobin which on an average forms about 36% of its mass.
The total blood volume is divided into circulating and reservoir volumes.
The average human blood volume is not less than 7.5% but not more than 10% of the body weight. It is generally stated that the circulating volume averages smaller in the females than in the males. The circulating volume of the blood depends on the changes of the air temperature.
IX.* Закончите следующие предложения, выбрав необходимые словосочетания:
1. The most numerous cellular elements of blood are... (a) white blood corpuscles; 6) red blood corpuscles; в) blood platelets) 2. Blood is... (a) a connective tissue; 6) a muscular tissue; в) a fluid tissue; r) a nervous tissue) 3. The right ventricle discharges out the blood to the lungs... (a) through the aorta; 6) through the pulmonary arteries; в) through the portal vein) 4. The blood is discharged out... (a) of the ventricles; 6) of the atria)
X.* Повторите тексты А, С. Прочитайте следующие предложения и скажите, о чем в них говорится:
1. This part of the heart discharges out the blood received from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation. 2. This part of the heart discharges out the blood received from the systemic circulation to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. 3. These corpuscles have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them the possibility to pass through very small capillaries. 4. The. count of these corpuscles in the blood of a healthy person is from 5,000 to 7,000 per cu mm. The number of these corpuscles increases when a person becomes ill.
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XI. Прочитайте и запомните интересные факты:
Do you know that
1. each erythrocyte lives 120-130 days? 2. each leucocyte lives 4-7 days? 3. every day 200,000,000 erythrocytes are born and the same number dies?
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XII. Translate the following indefinite personal sentences:.
1. It is known that blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 2. They say that patient Smirnov's health will be restored soon. 3. One knows that pulse rate becomes rapid on physical exertion. 4. It is estimated that his body weight considerably decreased during the prolonged illness.
XIII. Answer the following questions:
1. How many days does each erythrocyte live? 2. How many days does each leucocyte live? 3. How many erythrocytes are bom and die every day?
XIV. Read and translate the following sentences:
1. When a muscle fiber contracts so that its length does not change, one of the discs becomes shorter and the other longer. 2. The pressure in the cranial cavity is sometimes increased as a result of the increase in arterial pressure. 3. In the man the corpuscles may compose from 39 to 50 per cent of the blood volume. 4. Can life exist without oxygen? 5. A cardiac cycle is composed of the wave of contraction and a period of rest. 6. In the human body sex differences exist in the inner organs and their functions.
XV. Read the passages and answer the questions:
1. This substance is composed of plasma, red corpuscles, white corpuscles and platelets. What substance is it?
2. These cellular elements are the most numerous in the blood. They range from 4 to 5 million per cu mm in healthy adults. Their colour(ing) is red. What cellular elements are they?
3. This blood is brought to the heart from systemic and portal circulations. It enters the right atrium of the heart. Then this blood passes into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle this blood passes into the pulmonary artery. What blood is it?
XVI. Revise Text В (Lesson 13) and say what heart valve is described in each sentence:
1. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the left heart chamber.
2. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the right heart chamber.
3. This valve is located at the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle.
4. This valve is located at the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle.
XVII. Combine the nouns with appropriate verbs, putting them in the necessary form:
the heart, the blood, the artery
contract, pass, dilate, bring, pump, vary, beat, compose, work, consist of, discharge out, receive, enter, act, serve, send, oxygenate, carry
XVIII. Read Text D and say what data important for a future doctor are given in it. What will you try to remember?
Text D. The Heart Sounds
When we listen to the heart we can hear two sounds. The third sound is also heard in some young persons before the age of 30.
The first heart sound is the longest one. It is heard at the moment of contraction of the ventricles when the atrio-ventricular valves close.
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The second sound lasts for a shorter period of time. It is heard at the moment when the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves close.
The third heart sound is heard when the blood is passing from the atria into the ventricles.
The first and the second cardiac sounds are heard over all the portions of the heart and often over the large vessels. The first heart sound is greater over the surface of the ventricles and it is the greatest over the surface of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The second heart sound is heard loudest over the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Heart sounds are also heard over some portions of the chest. Normally the first heart sound is heard best over the apex of the heart in the fifth costal interspace. The second sound is heard best over the pulmonary artery and the aorta, that is in the second left and right costal interspaces. The aortic sound is normally louder than the pulmonic sound.
The heart sounds are very important in the clinical diagnosis and the doctors determine many cardiac diseases by heart sounds.
XIX. Answer the questions on Text D:
1. How many heart sounds do we hear when we listen to the heart? 2. When is the first heart sound heard? 3. When is the second heart sound heard? 4. At what moment is the third heart sound heard? 5. Where is the first heart sound heard louder? 6. Over the surface of what valves is the first heart sound heard loudest? 7. Where is the second heart sound heard loudest? 8. In which costal interspaces is the first heart sound heard best? 9. In which costal interspaces is
the second heart sound heard best? 10. Which of the two sounds - the aortic or the pulmonic is louder normally? 11. What do heart sounds help the doctors to determine?
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