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Text E. The Alimentary Tract
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The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8 V2 m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.
The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste (вкуса). The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.
From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.
The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21 -25 cm in length, 8-9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 1 (litres).
The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon, sigmoid and rectum.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The weight of the liver is 1,500 gr.
85The gallbladder is a hollow sac (мешок) lying on the lower surface of the liver.
The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
VII. Translate these sentences and define the part of speech of the words in bold type:
1. The left atrium and ventricle connected by the mitral valve form the left chamber of the heart. 2. The operation made on the diseased joints restored the health of the patient. 3. The main inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are the heart and lungs. 4. The blood carried through the veins from the trunk, head and extremities to the right atrium is called venous.
VIII. Say what organ is spoken about:
a) This organ is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm in the right side of the abdomen. Its upper surface is convex. This organ consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves.
b) This organ is pyriform (грушевидный) in shape. It is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The liver is above this organ, and the colon is below it. The pancreas is behind this organ.
IX. Combine the adjectives with the proper nouns given below. Translate your word combinations:
inner, serous, salivary, hard, exact (точный), vital, connective, pale length, palate, coat, capacity, tissue, gland, layer, face
X. Make up sentences with the predicate in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian:
1. are, with, the oral cavity, connected, the salivary glands; 2. the oral cavity, are, the soft and hard palates, located in; 3. of, main, are, the arteries, composed, three, coats
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XI. Translate into Russian:
1. The peritoneum is a serous coat covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall. 2. The shape of the stomach changes when it dilates and its borders greatly extend. 3. The capillaries are connected with the endings of the arteries and veins. 4. The left atrium is smaller than the right one and its walls are thicker than those of the right one.
XII. Translate the sentences determining the meaning of the words in bold type from the context:
1. The great Russian scientist Pirogov published his Anatomical Atlas in 1851 -1854.2. Anatomy is the science which describes the structure of the human body. 3. The invention of the radio by Popov was a great scientific revolution. 4. The exact number of minutes in an hour is sixty.
XIII. Using the words given on the right make up sentences corresponding to the Russian ones:
1. В Москве издается много many, published, journals, Moscow, медицинских журналов. are, in, medical
2. Анатомия описывает строение human, the, describes, structure, тела человека. Anatomy, body, the, of
3. Можете ли вы сказать мне exact, tell, you, can, me, the, time точное время?
4. В этой книге описаны великие made, in, book, this, are, great, Rus-открытия, сделанные sian, discoveries, described, by, русскими учеными. scientists
XIV. 1. Read Text F. 2. Translate the third and fourth paragraphs. 3. Find there a) Infinitives and state their functions; b) the subordinate object clauses with the sequence of tenses. 4. Put questions to the first and second paragraphs. 5. Express the essence of every paragraph in one sentence:
Text F. Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1563) is one of the greatest anatomists. He studied medicine in France. In 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1538 his first scientific works in Anatomy were published. In 1543 his most important book "On the Structure of the Human Body" was written.
His work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consists of seven books. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilages were described in the first book; the muscles — in the second; the vessels - in the third; the nerves - in the fourth; the alimentary tract - in the fifth; the heart and the respiratory system -in the sixth; the brain - in the seventh.
In all his researches Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses. He studied the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration1 their functions. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton. He also determined that the right and the left ventricles of the heart were not connected. He determined that there were no opening in the septum between the left and the right heart chambers. It was a great discovery. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the opening in the septum. His discovery opened the way to the discovery of the pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future. Vesalius did much to establish new and exact anatomical terms.
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The great Russian scientist Pavlov said that the works written by Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work.
Note
1. to take into consideration - принимать во внимание
LESSON 16
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
Revision
I. Повторите правила чтения, способы словообразования, грамматические правила, лексический и текстовой материал цикла II (Уроки 9-15).
II. Прочитайте следующие слова:
thigh, facial, moist, auricle, found, find, poison, nausea, auscultation
III. Найдите суффиксы и префиксы в следующих словах и переведите эти слова:
respiratory, impossible, language, subserous, cartilage, irregular, connective, constructive, subclass, alimentary, venous
IV. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. По какой формуле образуется страдательный залог? 2. Как переводятся глаголы в страдательном залоге? 3. Как образуется Past Participle? Чем может являться Past Participle в предложении и как переводится? 4. Какие функции может выполнять Present Participle, в предложении и как переводится? 5. Чем могут быть заменены имена существительные во избежание их повторения? 6. Как переводится инфинитив в функции а) определения, б) обстоятельства цели?
V. Распределите следующие слова на две графы:
| Parts of the vascular system | parts of the alimentary tract |
ileum, heart, vessel, anus, jejunum, artery, duodenum, tongue, vein, pharynx, stomach, capillary, esophagus, intestine, aorta, rectum, oral cavity, salivary glands, mouth, caecum, colon, teeth
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