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Unit 2. The Physiology of respiration
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Правила чтения: Буквосочетания eu, ew, ue; буква u после r, 1, j. Словообразование: Суффикс -ian;
префиксы dis-, a-, ab-, be-, com-, con-, de-, ex-, per-, pre-. Грамматика: Согласование времен. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения.
LESSON 19
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
Запомните:
1. Буквосочетания eu, ew, ue читаются [ju:], а после букв г, I, j -[u:]: new [nju:] новый; true [tru:] правильный; blue [blu:] голубой, синий.
2. Буква и после г, I, j читается [u:]: rule [ru:l] правило; lunar ['1и:пэ] лунный; junior ['d3u:nj9] младший.
3. -ian является суффиксом а) прилагательных и б) существительных. После ss или с суффикс -ian читается [fn]: Russian ['гл[п] русский.
4. Префикс dis- образует слова со значением, противоположным корню: to appear появляться - to disappear исчезать.
5. На префиксы a-, ab-, be-, corn-, con-, de-, ex-, per-, pre- ударение не падает.
I. Прочитайте следующие слова:
а) few, news, tissue, newspaper, hue, dew, stew, flew, grew, Tuesday, drew, true, clue, due
б) June, revolution, solution, conclusion, truly, truth, delusion, delute, juice
П. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:
а) Ukrainian, Indian, Siberian
б) musician, politician, academician
в) discontinue, disorganize, discover, discovery, disconnect, disconnection r)'absorption, become, complete, conclusion, exchange, perform, explain,
prevent, decrease, depend, amount
III 3а помните чтение следующих слов:
psychology [sai'kDlsd3i], process ['prauses], absorption [3b'so:pjn], diffusion [di'fju:3n], phenomenon [fi'nOmman] (pi phenomena [fi'mmima])
IV. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: observe [ab'z3:v] v наблюдать за; изучать, следить investigate [m'vestigeit] v исследовать
isolate ['aisaleit] v отделять, изолировать; выделять
combine [kam'bam] v соединять; объединять
able ['eibl] а способный, умелый; be able быть в состоянии, мочь
conclusion [кэп'к1и:зп] и вывод, заключение; draw a conclusion сделать вывод
accomplish [a'kmrtphj] v выполнять; заканчивать; завершать
exchange [iks't[erad3] n обмен; v обменивать(ся)
due [dju:] а обусловленный, должный, надлежащий, соответствующий; due to prp вследствие; благодаря, из-за, в связи с; в результате; be due to обуславливаться
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solution [sa'lujn] n раствор; растворение
salt [so:lt] n соль
prove [pru:v] у доказывать; оказываться
transfer ['trasnsf3:] n перенос; передача; [traens'f3:] v переводить, перемещать
enable [1'neibl] v давать возможность (право)
V. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:
1. prove [pru:v]: to prove facts, to prove to smb that, he proved that he was right, he was able to prove that
2. conclusion [кэп'к1и:зп]: a right conclusion, in conclusion, to come to the conclusion that..., to draw a conclusion
3. accomplish [a'krjmplif]: accomplishment, to accomplish the observation, the accomplishment of the respiratory process
4. due [dju:] to: due to his illness, due to a high temperature, in due time, his bad condition was due to a high" blood pressure
5. investigate [m'vestigeit]: investigation, to accomplish the investigation, the investigation of the blood cells
VI. Переведите следующие предложения, определите времена сказуемых:
1. The patient had restored his health by the end of September. 2. He had slept well before the surgeon came. 3. The male patient had had the grippe
before he was admitted to the clinic. 4. The doctor had observed an unusual case of a mitral valve disease before he reported on it at the conference.
VII. Прочитайте предложения, обращая внимание на перевод придаточных дополнительных предложений. Сопоставьте времена сказуемых главного и придаточных предложений. Ответьте на вопросы:
he lived in Kiev. _ г живет в Киеве.
Он сказал,
что
Не said
(that)
- he had lived in Kiev. ~»«—«p«9 [_жилв Киеве
ЧТО
L he would live in Kiev. L будет жить в Киеве.
1. В чем заключается правило согласования времен? 2. Каким временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении выражается а) одновременность действия и каким временем она переводится на русский язык? б) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения? в) действие, которое произойдет в будущем? (см. с. 291)
VIII.* Выберите предложения, в которых действия главного и придаточного происходят одновременно. Переведите эти предложения:
1. The scientists determined that the rate of heartbeat increased because of different emotions. 2. The doctor said that he had examined the patient a day before. 3. The surgeon considered that the operation would be successful. 4. It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue.
IX. От следующих глаголов образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов a) '-ion(-ation)', б) '-ment' и переведите эти существительные (письменно):
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а) investigate, observe, combine, complete, isolate, found, conclude
б) accomplish, achieve, measure, establish, state, appoint
X. Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:
to be due to, to come to the conclusion, to prove to, in conclusion, due to, to report on smth; on the basis of smth, to work on the problem
XI. 1. Прочитайте текст А. 2. Найдите а) слова, имеющие сходное звучание с русскими, и переведите предложения с этими словами; б) предложения в Past Perfect Active и переведите их. 3. Скажите, что вы узнали из 4-го абзаца о процессе дыхания, а из 5-го - о газообмене.
Text A. Sechenov and His Works on the Blood Gases
I. M. Sechenov (1829-1905) was a prominent Russian scientist, the founder of Russian physiology and scientific psychology.
The range of Sechenov's scientific interests and the number of his research works are really great. 106 scientific works were written by him. In these works he included the findings which he had observed and determined before.
Some of his research works were connected with the investigation of the blood gases and their role in the respiratory process.
I. M. Sechenov isolated the blood gases and found out that most of the blood gases were combined with erythrocytes. No physiologist had been able to do it before Sechenov. On the basis of his observations I. M. Sechenov came to the conclusion that hemoglobin was that substance of the blood which accomplished the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory process. Physiologists of many countries who had worked on this problem before Sechenov could not estimate the role of hemoglobin in the act of respiration. So the accomplishment of the respiratory process is due to hemoglobin.
I. M. Sechenov investigated the process of absorption of carbon dioxide by the solutions of salts. When he had completed his investigations, he proved that only 2/3 of carbon dioxide were dissolved (растворяются) in plasma. The rest of carbon dioxide was combined with red blood cells. Thetransfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs was due to the law (закон) of diffusion of gas from fluid into the air. When Sechenov had investigated this phenomenon, he was able to answer the question why oxygen passed into the blood from atmospheric gases during the act of respiration.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XII. Translate the following sentences. Explain the choice of tense forms while translating the predicates of the Object Clauses:
1. The doctor stated that the patient had pneumonia. 2. The surgeon considered that the patient would feel well in two or three days. 3. The professor found out that the patient had had tuberculosis two years before. 4. They came Jo the conclusion that the atmospheric pressure was an important factor for patients with cardiac diseases. 5. The researchers said that they had observed new phenomena.
XIII. Translate the following sentences according to the model:
No conclusions were drawn from this experiment.
Никаких выводов не было сделано из этого опыта.
What have you noticed while translating this mode!?
1. The doctor has observed no considerable changes in the lungs. 2. No difference exists between the substance of the bones of the lower and upper
extremities. 3. The surgeon came to no exact conclusion after he had examined the patient. 4. No human being can exist without oxygen.
XIV. Translate into Russian:
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the solution of salts, due to the transfer, due to the diffusion of gases, to accomplish the investigations, the accomplishment of this process, to come to the conclusion, to draw a conclusion, to investigate the phenomenon, to investigate the laws of diffusion
XV. Translate into English:
1. Выдающийся русский ученый И.М. Сеченов много работал над проблемой обмена газов в легких. 2. На основании многочисленных исследований ученые пришли к выводу, что циркулирующий объем крови зависит от изменений температуры воздуха. 3. Чем обусловлен переход углекислого газа из крови в легкие? 4. Ученый доказал своим коллегам (co-workers), что его выводы были правильными. 5. На заседании кафедры он доложил о результатах своих опытов. 6. Вследствие увеличения физической нагрузки частота сердечных сокращений обычно учащается (accelerate).
XVI. Answer the questions according to the model:
A.: I have already published my findings. Have you?
В.: I have not published my findings yet. I shall have published them by the end of the month.
1. I have already changed my method of research. Have you? 2. I have already determined the findings of my observations. Have you? 3.1 have already-completed my investigations. Have you?
XVII. Put the verbs in brackets in the proper tense:
1. The patient (to be) under medical care before the surgeon began the operation. 2. They (to isolate) the patient with the grippe from the others before they were infected. 3. My experiments not yet (to prove) anything since I started them. 4. We (to complete) our observations on the changes in the blood erythrocytes by tomorrow.
XVIII. State the part of speech by the suffixes. Translate the following words:
atmospheric, difference, pressure, alveolar, diffusion, substance, capacity, combination, carbonic, accomplishment, conclusion, venous
XIX. Answer the following questions:
What do we call a person who
1. discovers something? 2. founds some new theories? 3. investigates some phenomena? 4. researches in some field of science? 5. observes some changes in the experiments?
XX. Read and translate Text B. Remember the given data to be able to answer the questions:
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