Text A. The Blood Vessels, Large and Small

 

The raw materials ' for the energy that powers man's every thought and action are transported in the blood. The enriched² blood is carried in a network of small vessels, capillaries, to each cell. These capillaries are so small that 60 long ones or 120 short ones would stretch only the length of this line of type. There are so many capillaries in the body that, laid end to end, they would ring the equator³ more than twice.

Blood coming into the capillaries from the arteries has been enriched with oxygen in the lungs or with food from the digestive system. The walls of the capillaries are only one cell thick; so thin that oxygenated blood is able to pass its oxygen and food to the body's cells and to receive from the cells their waste. The spent blood then flows from the capillaries into the veins, which direct it back to the heart. In the heart the blood enters the arteries and is carried by them to the lungs and digestive system, to be oxygenated and enriched again before returning to the capillaries.

The body's largest blood vessels, the aorta and the pulmonary artery, are about an inch in diameter. Arteries have thick elastic walls, the pulsations of which assist the heart in pumping. Vein walls are more rigid. Many of them, particulary in the lower part of the body, have valves which prevent a backflow of blood.

Notes

 

1. raw materials - сырые продукты

2. to enrich - обогащать

3. would ring the equator - опоясали бы экватор

 

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

 

Revision

XII. State the suffixes in the following words and translate them:

 

a) the nouns: efficiency, slowness, division, usage, inhibition, tiredness, significance, development, difference, infancy, closure, passage

b) the adjectives: medical, pulmonary, different, cortical, respiratory, various, specific, primary, considerable, effective, extensible, Italian

c) the verbs: summarize, communicate, analyse, dilate

 

XIII. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitives used after modal verbs:

 

1. Can such a serious complication have occurred in this case? 2. The disease can't have developed so quickly. 3. The pain may not have been controlled yet. 4. The doctor may have administered this patient a light diet. 5. The nurse must have already given the injection. 6. His vision must have been checked up last week.

XIV. Turn the direct speech into indirect:

 

1. The surgeon asked, "Do you often develop pain in the stomach after meals?" 2. The eye doctor asked, "Do you drop the medicine regularly?" 3. The cardiologist asked, "When did you develop the pain in the heart area?" 4. The physiologist asked, "Where will the stimuli continue to come during a sound quiet sleep?"

XV. Give extended answers:

 

1. What do the contractions of the heart produce? 2. What is the cardiac cycle composed of? 3. What is the role of the ventricles and atria? 4. Describe the pulmonary circulation.' 5. Describe the systemic circulations. 6. What corpuscular elements compose the blood? 7. What heart sounds can one hear listening to the heart? 8. Where is the first (second, third) heart sound heard? 9. What do heart sounds help the doctors to determine? 10. What did I. M. Sechenov determine when he investigated the blood gases? 11. Describe the process of respiration. 12. What functions does the human brain perform? 13. What reflexes are called conditioned (unconditioned)? 14. Why is sleep necessary for any living being? 15. What is the process of inhibition?

XVI. Read Text B. Translate it. Memorize the figures:

Text А. The Cardiac Rhythm

 

One knows that during the diastole the atria and ventricles take in (принимают) the blood. It has been determined that during the systole the atria and the ventricles discharge out the blood. The diastole of the ventricles takes place during the systole of the atria, and the systole of the ventricles takes place during the diastole of the atria. These functions of the atria and the ventricles compose the cardiac rhythm.

The cardiac cycle lasts 0.9 second. The contraction of the atria lasts 0.2" and that of the ventricles 0.3". When the atria contract the ventricles are at rest. The diastole or the period of rest of the cardiac muscle lasts 0.4".

So during one cardiac cycle the ventricles work 0.3" but rest 0.6". The period of contraction of the ventricles is longer than that of the atria and the systolic blood pressure is always higher than the diastolic one. Such an interesting cardiac rhythm which enables the heart to rest longer than to work is very important for the blood circulation.

If the period of cardiac rest has become constantly shorter, the rate of heartbeat increases. Such an increased rate of heartbeat may affect [a'fekt] (поражает) the heart and produce different cardiac diseases.

 

CYCLE IV. MICROBIOLOGY

Словообразование: Суффиксы -th, -ish, -ful.

Грамматика: Заменители модальных глаголов. Способы выражения дол­женствования. Производные местоимения some, any, no, every. Случаи употребления глаголов to be, to have.

LESSON 24

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

Запомните:

 

1. Суффикс -th [9] образует имя существительное от имени при­лагательного, иногда от глагола: warm теплый - warmth теплота; grow расти - growth рост.

При образовании существительного от прилагательного при по­мощи суффикса -th часто происходит изменение ударной гласной корневого слова: strong сильный — strength сила.

2. Суффикс -ish [if] образует прилагательные а) от существи­тельного: fever ['fi:v3] лихорадка — feverish ['irvarij] лихорадоч­ный; б) от прилагательного. В этом случае вновь образованное прилагательное имеет значение неполного качества: yellow ['jelau] желтый — yellowish ['jelauij] желтоватый.

3. Суффикс -ful [ful] образует прилагательные от существитель­ных и реже от глаголов, указывает на наличие того или иного каче­ства: hope надежда - hopeful надеющийся; to forget забывать - forgetful забывчивый.

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:

 

а) depth, length, truth, width, death

б) reddish, thinnish, womanish, fattish, longish, blackish, thickish

в) useful, beautiful, helpful, thankful, watchful, painful, harmful, restful

II. Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже:

microorganism ['maikr3u'o:g9nizm], aerobic [,ei9'rgubik], anaerobic [эг,пе1э'гоЫк], coccus ['kckas] (pi cocci ['knksai]), bacillus [ba'sibs] (pi bacilli

[ba'silai]), virulent [Virubnt], lobar [ЪиЬэ], pneumococci [,nju:mt>'kt>ksai], consolidation [k3n,sDh'deiJn], mucous ['mju:kas], membrane ['membrem], phagocyte ['fasgasait]

 

анаэробный; палочка, бацилла; кокк, шарообразный; микроорганизм; консолидация, уплотнение, затвердевание; долевой, лобарный; перепонка, оболочка, мембрана; слизистый; микроб, микроорганизм; пневмококки; фагоцит; заразный, вирулентный; аэробный

III. Выучите следующие слова:

growth [дгэив] п рост; увеличение; новообразование; опухоль

however [hau'eva] cj однако, тем не менее, несмотря на

favourable ['feivarabl] а благоприятный; положительный; удобный

multiply ['nultiplai] v размножать(ся)

size [saiz] n размер, величина

certain ['s3:tn] а некоторый; некий; определенный

environment [in'vaiaranmant] n окружающая среда

invade [m'veid] v вторгаться; поражать болезнью

destroy [di'stroi] v разрушать, уничтожать

occur [э'кз:] v встречаться, случаться; происходить

reveal [ri'vr.l] v показывать, обнаруживать, выявлять

persist [pa'sist] v сохраняться, продолжать существовать

impair [пп'реэ] v повреждать, ухудшать; нарушать

skin [skin] n кожа •

catch [kjetf] (caught, caught [ko:t]) v схватить; заболеть; заразиться

report [n'po:t] v докладывать; сообщать; п доклад; сообщение

IV. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. favourable ['feivarabl]: a favourable reaction, favourable conditions, favourable results, a favourable development

2. environment [m'vaiaranmant]: home environment, the conditions of the environment, the environment acts favourably

3. occur [э'кз:]: occurred, a disease occurs, an interesting phenomenon occurred during the observation. When.did it occur?

4. persist [pa'sist]: persisted, the disease persists, the temperature persists, the pain in the left side persisted

5. impair [нп'реэ]: impairment, to impair the lung, to impair the functions of the pancreas, to impair the health

V. Из слов, данных справа, составьте английские предложения, соответствующие русским (письменно):

 

1. Ученые считают, что каждую секунду в теле человека разру­шается около 10 000 000 крас­ных кровяных телец.

2. Через кожу всасывается не бо­лее 1 % кислорода, необходи­мого организму человека.

3. В благоприятной окружающей среде микроорганизмы могут размножаться очень быстро.

 

scientists, that, 10,000,000, are, consider, about, red, blood, cells, the, destroyed, every, second, hu­man, in, body

 

not, oxygen, the, human, for, body, more, than, necessary, is, absorbed, 1 %, of, through, the, skin

in, multiply, favourable, may, very, environment, microorganisms, rap­idly, a

VI. Определите инфинитивы. Переведите предложения:

 

1. The first heart sound can be impaired in certain cardiac diseases. 2. One can impair the health if one does not sleep for a long period of time. 3. Cholera ['kolara] and other infectious diseases must be fought against. 4. The human organism can fight against microorganisms thanks to phagocytes.

VII. 1. Прочитайте текст А. 2. Переведите письменно 3-й и 6-й абзацы. 3. Найдите а) неопределенно-личные обороты и переведите их; б) модальные глаголы и укажите, с какими инфинитивами они употребляются. 4. Выпишите и переведите слова с суффиксами '-№', '-ment', '-ive', '-ar', '-able'. 5. Задайте по одному вопросу к каж­дому абзацу текста так, чтобы охватить содержание всего абзаца. 6. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

 

1. увеличивается по размеру до определенного предела; 2. в таком случае; 3. большинство микроорганизмов; 4. из-за (вследствие) уплотнений; 5. прийти к выводу

Text A. Microorganisms

 

All the existing microorganisms can be divided into two main groups -aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic microorganisms jnustjiave atmospheric free oxygen for their life and growth. However one knows that free oxygen is not favourable for the development of anaerobic microorganisms.

Bacteria vary in shape and according to this feature they are divided into some groups.-^Spherical bacteria have been called cocci. They are also subdivided into several groups. Rod-shaped (палочковидные) bacteria are called bacilli.

i.When bacteria multiply they divide. The growing organism increases in size up to a certain limit and in due time divides. The process of division depends on the conditions of the environment.

Any minute [mai'nju:t] (мельчайший) virulent microorganisms may invade the human body. But due to the local protective agents of the human organism they are destroyed. In this case no disease occurs.

However the local protective agents of the human organism are not always able to destroy completely the invading microorganisms. It is known that in such a case a local or general infection may occur.

Most of the microorganisms produce diseases when they enter the tissue and destroy it.|f one examines under the microscope the alveoli of the lung of the man with lobar pneumonia a great number of pneumococci can be revealed. While the disease persists the lung may be considerably impaired because of the consolidations which may develop in it.

But the human organism can fight against the microorganisms which have passed its first protective barriers, i.e. skin and mucous membranes.

The prominent Russian scientist I.I.Mechnikov had made many investigations before he was able to come to the conclusion that leucocytes could catch and destroy certain microbes. I.I. Mechnikov called them phagocytes or microbe cell destroyers.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

VIII. Form new words using the given suffixes. Translate the words:

-ence, -ance: occur, persist, exist, depend, enter, clear, appear

-ment: impair, develop, move, establish, appoint, require

-able: favour, control, vary, depend, value, consider

-sion: invade, divide, conclude, decide, diffuse -th: deep, grow, wide, strong, long, warm, dead

-ish: thin, fat, long, woman, yellow, thick

-ful: use, hope, pain, harm, rest, thank, help

IX. Answer the following questions:

 

1. What conditions are favourable for the growth and life of both aerobic and anaerobic microbes? 2. According to what are bacteria divided into groups?

3. To what limit do growing organisms increase in size when they multiply?

4. Due to what are minute virulent microorganisms destroyed when they invade the human organism? 5. In what case may local or general infection occur? 6. What can be revealed under the microscope in the alveoli of the lung of the man with lobar pneumonia? 7. Why may the lung be considerably impaired while the disease persists? 8. What barriers do skin and mucous membranes form? 9. What is the role of leucocytes in the human body?

 

X. Read and retell Text B:

Text B. Robert Koch

 

Robert Koch is a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiology. He was born in 1843, died in 1910. When Koch became a doctor he carried on many experiments on mice (мышах) in a small laboratory. In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world. In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera. This book included the investigations of his research work carried out during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and India. From the intestines of the men with cholera Koch isolated a small comma-shaped (в виде запятой) bacterium. He determined that these bacteria Spread through drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel prize for his important scientific discoveries.

LESSON 25

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

I. Прочитайте предложения, обращая внимание на то, чем заме­няются модальные глаголы. Запомните эти заменители-эквиваленты:

 

A. Не can do this work. Не could do this work.

Б. He may do this work.

B. He must do this work.

= He is able to do this work. = He was able to do this work. He will be able to do this work.

= He is allowed to do this work. He will be allowed to do this work.

= He has to do this work. He had to do this work. He will have to do this work.

 

I. Чем могут быть заменены модальные глаголы can, may, must?

2.Как изменяются эквиваленты по временам? 3. Как строятся от­рицательная и вопросительная формы при эквиваленте to have to? (см. с. 273)

II. Напишите следующие предложения в будущем времени:

 

1. The scientist can prove his investigations. 2. The patient may walk.

3. The nurse must feed the infant.

 

III. Напишите следующие предложения в отрицательной, а затем в вопросительной форме:

 

1. The patient was able to fall asleep after taking the medicine. 2. We had to summarize and analyse all the findings of our observations. 3. The fifth-year students will be allowed to operate on the patients by themselves.

IV. Напишите сложные слова, используя сочетания неопределен­ных местоимений 'some', 'any', 'no', 'every' со словами 'thing', 'body' '(one)','where'. Переведите их и проверьте себя по таблице 9.

V. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на вы­деленные слова:

1. "Somebody has just come to see you," said the nurse. 2. Something new has been found out during this experiment. 3. We shall go somewhere on Sunday. Q. Have you discovered anything new during the examination? 5. Has the doctor seen anybody already? 6. Did you go anywhere last summer? 7. The scientist did not observe anything new. 8. My friend did not see anybody there. 9. Someone must count the number of the red blood cells. 10. Has anyone already accomplished the research work? 11. Nobody was discharged from the hospital yesterday. 12. Nothing interesting was proved. 13. He could find this book nowhere.

VI.* Переведите слова, данные в скобках, а затем переведите пред­ложения:

 

1. (Все) understood well the significance of this problem. 2. (Никто) felt tiredness after a long walk. 3. Can you see (что-нибудь) on the lateral surface of the right lower extremity? 4. Does the pain spread (куда-нибудь) when you breathe in? 5. There is (ничего) new about the process of inhibition in the report.

VII. 1. Прочитайте текст С. 2. Найдите и переведите а) незнакомые юва (выучите их); б) предложения с заменителями модальных гла­голов и в) предложения с производными от неопределенных место­имений. 3. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосо­четаний:

чтобы доказать это явление; во много раз меньше, чем

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