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Text С. The Founder of Virology
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Dmitry losiphovitch Ivanovsky, a prominent Russian scientist, was born in 1864. In 1888 he graduated from Petersburg University and began to study the physiology of plants and microbiology.
When D. I. Ivanovsky was investigating the tobacco mosaic disease (мозаичная болезнь табака) he was able to come to the conclusion that this disease occurred due to a microscopic agent, many times smaller than bacteria.
To prove this phenomenon D.I. Ivanovsky had to make many experiments on various plants. He had to pass the juice of the diseased plant through a fine filter which could catch the smallest bacteria. At that time everybody considered that bacteria were the smallest living organisms. But when D. I. Ivanovsky had completed to pass the juice through a fine filter, he was able to come to the conclusion that the living organisms smaller than bacteria existed in the environment, because when he introduced the filtrate of the diseased plants to healthy ones they became infected.
Before D. I. Ivanovsky nobody had been able to prove the existence of viruses. Dmitry Iosiphovitch Ivanovsky was the first scientist who was able to establish the new branch of microbiology - virology.
VIII. Выучите следующие слова. Предложения переведите:
wound [wu:nd] n рана, ранение. There was a large and deep wound on the lateral surface of the leg.
throat [Graut] и горло; to have a sore throat иметь больное горло; to gargle one's throat полоскать горло. The doctor revealed redness in the patient's throat. He has a sore throat.
property ['propati] n свойство. The main property of phagocytes is to destroy the invading microbes.
mucus ['mjuikas] и слизь. The inner surface of the nose is covered with
Mucus.
pathogenic [,pae6a'd3enik] а патогенный, болезнетворный. Pathogenic microorganisms produce different diseases.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
IX. Instead of the modal verbs use the equivalents in the proper tense:
1. The doctor must determine the origin of the disease for its successful treatment. 2. The doctor could reveal the consolidation in the lung by the X-ray examination. 3. The scientist can observe a rapid growth of microorganisms under the microscope. 4. The doctor says that this patient may sit up.
X. Put the predicates into Past:
1. The infant must move as much as possible for the proper development of the body. 2. In this patient the proper functions of the heart can be impaired due to the grippe. 3. During work one must give rest to the organism (particularly to the brain and the eyes) every hour or half an hour. 4. His constant tiredness may impair his heart.
XI. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:
1. The researcher had to include various significant findings of his observations into the report. 2. At present the surgeon has to extend his investigations to make a proper conclusion. 3. We have to increase the amount of food given to this patient.
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XII. Put general questions to the following sentences making other necessary changes:
1. Somebody wanted to speak to the doctor about the condition of patient Smirnov. 2. The boy has impaired something in his abdomen when he fell down.
3. Someone will have to describe the course of this patient's disease.
4. Everyone knows that phagocytes destroy microorganisms.
XIII. Translate into English:
1. Все знают, что микроорганизмы размножаются делением. 2. Долгое время Кох нигде не мог обнаружить бактерии холеры. 3. До Везалия никто не мог точно определить строение сердца человека. 4. Должен ли был исследователь доказать что-то новое этим опытом? 5. Всем известно, что температура тела бывает наиболее низкой утром и наиболее высокой в ранние вечерние часы.
XIV. Read the pairs of sentences and choose those corresponding to Text C:
1. a) Ivanovsky began to study various diseases of plants, b) Ivanovsky began to study the physiology of plants and microbiology. 2. a) Tobacco mosaic disease occurred due to viruses, b) Tobacco mosaic disease did not occur due to bacteria. 3. a) Ivanovsky had to pass the juice of the diseased plant through oxygenated fluid, b) Ivanovsky had to pass the juice of the diseased plant through a fine filter.
XV. Read and entitle Text D. Describe how bacteria invade the organism:
TextD
If there are no wounds on the skin no bacteria can invade it. But if any smallest wound exists then bacteria can pass into the tissue. The thin membranes about the eye, in the nose and throat have less protective properties against bacterial invasion and infection may often develop in these points.
The way by which a microorganism enters the human body is an important factor to determine the occurrence of any disease. Certain bacteria can persist and develop in the human body only coming into contact with the respiratory tract, others through contact with the mucus of the intestines.
The skin and mucus membranes of the body have a large number of bacteria, some of them are highly pathogenic in a favourable environment. The spread of these bacteria is controlled by the skin and phagocytes fighting against the invaders.
I
LESSON 26
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I. В следующих предложениях обратите внимание на случаи употребления глагола 'to be'. Ответьте на вопросы:
My friend is a surgeon. Мой друг - хирург.
The surgeon is performing an Хирург производит операцию, operation.
The patient is operated on. Больного оперируют.
The surgeon is in the clinic. Хирург находится в клинике.
The surgeon is to operate on Хирург должен оперировать этого this patient. больного.
В каком из английских предложений глагол to be употреблен: 1. с именем существительным с предлогом и в какой синтаксической функции? 2. с именем существительным без предлога и в какой синтаксической функции? 3. с причастием настоящего времени, и что он образует? 4. с причастием прошедшего времени, и что он образует? 5. с инфинитивом глагола, и какое значение он приобретает в данном случае? (см. таблицу 13, с. 261)
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II. В следующих предложениях обратите внимание на случаи употребления глагола 'to have'. Ответьте на вопросы:
My friend has an atlas. У моего друга есть атлас.
Не has proved his conclusions.
Он доказал свои выводы.
We have to examine him. Нам нужно обследовать его.
Какое значение имеет глагол to have в сочетании с: 1. существительным? 2. III формой глагола? 3. инфинитивом глагола? (см. таблицу 15, с. 262)
III. Прочитайте следующие предложения и обратите внимание на способы выражения долженствования. Ответьте на вопросы:
Students must attend all the lectures. Студенты должны посещать все лекции. Students have to carry on scientific work. Студентам нужно проводить научную работу.
The students are to visit this museum. Студентам необходимо посетить этот музей. The students should pay more attention to foreign languages. Студентам следует обращать большое внимание на иностранные языки.
1. Какой еще способ выражения долженствования употреблен в одном из этих предложений? 2. Как переводится глагол should в этом случае? (см. таблицу 19, с. 273)
IV. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:
1. One should remember that most viruses are destroyed at the temperature of 50-60° within 30-60 minutes. 2. During the experiment the scientist was to investigate the process of inhibition in the cortex of the experimental animals. 3. D. Ivanovsky filtered the juice of the diseased plants through such fine filters through which even the smallest bacteria could not pass. 4. The environment must be provided with the proper amount of oxygen for the growth of aerobic microorganisms.
V. Прочитайте следующие слова. Переведите их:
antibacterial [,sentibsek'ti3ri9l], colony ['kolani], toxic ['toksik], biologist [bai'nl3d3ist], expert ['eksp3:t], injection [m'd3ekjh], penicillin [jjeni'sihn], nature ['neitfs]
VI. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
drug [drAg] n лекарство
dangerous ['demd39r9s] а опасный
disappear [,dis3'pi9] v исчезать
immediately [i'mi:dj9th] adv немедленно
common ['квтэп] а обычный; общий; распространенный
same [seim] а тот же самый, одинаковый
dry [drai] а сухой; v сушить; вытирать
extract [iks'trffikt] v выделять; удалять
pure [pjua] а чистый
try [trai] v пробовать, стараться
fail* [fed] v не удаваться, терпеть неудачу; провалиться (на экзамене); to fail to do smth не суметь, не быть в состоянии сделать что-л.
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* Иногда глагол to fail с последующим инфинитивом переводится отрицанием не, а инфинитив переводится в том времени, в каком стоит глагол to fail, например:
The X-ray examination failed to reveal heart enlargement. Рентгенологическое обследование не показало расширения сердца.
VII. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
antibacterial drugs, a dangerous disease, common pathogenic bacteria, the same family, dry bread, to extract pure penicillin, to try to do something immediately, to fail to reveal pathogenic microorganisms
VIII. Прочитайте текст Е. Расскажите об А. Флеминге. Скажите, какими качествами должен обладать ученый:
Text E. Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming was born in 1881. He did research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs.
One day Fleming's assistant brought him a plate on which some dangerous bacteria were being grown. "This plate cannot be used for the experiment," said the assistant. "Some mould [mauld] (плесень) has formed on it and I'll have to take another plate." Fleming was ready to allow his assistant to do so. Then he looked at the plate and saw that the bacteria around the mould had disappeared. Fleming understood the importance of what had happened and immediately began to study the phenomenon.
He placed some mould on other plates and grew more colonies. By means of numerous experiments on animals he determined that this new substance was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common pathogenic bacteria.
Fleming called this substance penicillin. It is of the same family of moulds that often appear on dry bread.
But many investigations had been carried out before a method of extracting pure penicillin was found. It was also very difficult for Fleming to interest biologists and mould experts in penicillin and to decide the problem of its production.
In 1942 Fleming tried his own first experiment. A friend of his was very ill, dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment.
Fleming received the Nobel Prize for his great discovery. But he said, "Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it."
IX. Повторите активные слова цикла, грамматический и текстовой материал и правила словообразования для обзорного занятия.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
X. Form and translate:
1. the adjectives using the suffixes -ful: help, pain, use, rest, beauty -ish: fever, white, fat, dry
2. the nouns using the suffix-th: wide, grow, long, warm, deep, true, strong
XI. Translate into Russian paying attention to the use of the verbs 'to be', 'to have', 'should':
1. Hypertension is a dangerous disease. 2. Hypertension is treated with special antihypertensive drugs. 3. We see that in this patient the symptoms of hypertension are disappearing slowly. 4. A patient with hypertension is usually in the clinic. 5. A patient with hypertension is to follow a definite course of treatment. 6. The patient has a deep wound in his leg. 7. The surgeon has just examined a deep wound in the patient's leg. 8. The surgeon has to examine the patient with a deep wound in his leg. 9. You should report me on any changes in the patient's condition. 10. One should remember that white blood cell count increases (nearly) almost in all diseases.
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XII. Give the English equivalents of the words in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1. To fight against any infectious disease successfully a doctor (должен) know its origin. 2. The redness on the lateral surface of the arm (может) disappear after the treatment. 3. To determine the origin of the tobacco mosaic disease Ivanovsky (должен был) carry out many experiments on the plants. 4. The doctor (следует) know all the properties of a drug before he gives it to the patient. 5. At the next conference one of the researchers of this laboratory (нужно будет) report on his discovery in detail. 6. The medical students (будет разрешено) operate on the patients only in the fifth year. 7. It is only in the presence of oxygen that aerobic microorganisms (могут) multiply rapidly.
XIII. Choose the proper word from those given in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian:
• 1. (Somebody, something) has estimated that normally you breathe 25,920 times a day breathing in about 450 cubic feet of air. 2. Lately a new group of viruses called adenoviruses have been isolated from the human intestine and respiratory tract in tissue cultures. It has been determined that their presence
IX. Translate the following sentences with gerundial constructions:
1. Mother expected my being examined by this neurologist. 2. Mme Curie's having discovered radium enabled her to isolate other radioactive elements. 3. In spite of not having any university education Faraday made his great discoveries. 4.1 heard of his being sent to the Congress of Physiologists in Mos-
Cow.
X. Read and translate the medical terms:
aetiology [,i:ti'Dlacfei], pathogenesis [,ргевю'с&епш&], mechanism ['mekanizm], visual ['vizjml], palpation [p3el'peif(9)n], percussion [рз:'кл|п], auscultation [piskal'teifn], cystoscopy [sis'toskapi], edema [i'di:ma], haemorrhage ['hemaricfe], objective [ab'cfeektiv], subjective [sAb'cfcektiv]
XI. 1. Read Text E using a dictionary. 2. Memorize the words in bold type. 3. Be ready to answer the questions on the text:
Text £. Examination of the Patient
Before treating the patient it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis of the disease and to determine its aetiology, i.e. the causes of the disease. The doctor must know well the pathogenesis of any disease, i.e. the way and mechanism of its development, as well as the symptoms by which it can be revealed.
A number of different procedures is used to establish a diagnosis: history-taking, physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation, laboratory studies, consisting of urinalysis, blood, sputum and other analyses; instrumental studies, for example, taking electrocardiograms or cystoscopy, X-ray examination and others.
For determining a disease it is very important to know its symptoms such as breathlessness, edema, cough, vomiting, fever, haemorrhage, headache and others. Some of these symptoms are objective, for example, haemorrhage or vomiting, because they are determined by objective study, while others, such as headache or dizziness (головокружение) are subjective, since they are evident only to the patient.
LESSON 33
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
Revision
I. Повторите правила словообразования, грамматические правила, лексический и текстовой материал всего цикла V (уроки 27-32).
II. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова, найдите суффиксы и префиксы:
restless, overdosage, intramuscular, sleepless, overweight, intravenous, painless, intratracheal, overestimate, useless, overwork
III. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. В каких предложениях будущее время заменяется настоящим? 2. Назовите формулу группы времен Continuous Passive. 3. Назовите сложные формы причастия и герундия. 4. По каким признакам вы определите герундий в предложении?
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IV. Переведите следующие пары предложений и определите, чем отличаются их сказуемые:
1. 1 am examining. I am being examined. 2. The nurse was giving intravenous injections when we came in. Intravenous injections were being given to the nurse as she herself was ill at that time. 3. Now neurologist Smirnov is administering a new treatment. Now neurologist Smirnov is being administered a new treatment.
V. Определите ing-формы в следующих предложениях:
1. Filling in a case history a therapeutist must pay attention to exact findings of the analyses. 2. Having prevented the spread of inflammation the surgeon could save the life of the patient. 3. The attending doctor's filling in the case history with exact findings enabled the students to follow the whole course of treatment of the patient. 4. On having prevented serious complications the surgeon considered that the patient would recover soon. 5. Being at the Congress the scientists exchanged their opinions (мнения) on many definite problems. 6. His being in Moscow was connected with the publishing of his new book.
VI. В следующих предложениях найдите герундий. Предложения переведите:
1. Besides being important for industry oxygen is also important for medicine. 2. In addition to depending upon the environment the development of the child depends on the condition of its health. 3. Mother insisted on my being examined by a physician. 4. On being relieved of an acute pain in the heart area the patient was allowed to sit up. 5. A researcher cannot draw a proper conclusion without having carried out numerous experiments. 6. Through being prescribed an effective treatment the patient made a quick recovery.
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