 |
Features of scientific style
|
|
|
|
- logical sequence of utterances with clear indication of their interrelations and interdependence; logical coherence of ideas expressed;
- objective, precise, unemotional, devoid of any individuality, striving for the most generalised form of expression;
- developed and varied system of connectives;
- use of terms specific to each given branch of science;
- direct referential (and primary logical) <meaning> of the general vocabulary; self-explanatory terms; neutral and common literary words; the possibility of ambiguity is avoided;
- hardly a single word will be found here which is used in more than one <meaning>, nor will be any words with <contextual meaning>;
- sentence-patterns (postulatory, argumentative, formulative);
- based on facts already known, on facts systematised and defined;
- quotations and references;
- foot-notes, digressive in character;
- impersonality: frequent use of passive constructions;
- impersonal passive constructions are frequently used with the verbs suppose, assume, point out;
- far greater amount of preliminary knowledge;
- there may be hypotheses, pronouncements and conclusions, (backed up by strong belief);
Source: <I.R.G.>
See: <scientific style>
Publicist style
публицистический стиль
covering such genres as essay, feature article, most writing of “new journalism”, public speeches, etc. (V.A.K.)
••
The general aim is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer of the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view … not merely by logical argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well (brain-washing function).
[u]Substyles:[/u] oratorical (direct contact with the listeners); radio commentary; essay (moral, philosophical, literary; book review in journals and magazines, pamphlets); articles (political, social, economic).
- <features of publicist style>
Source: <I.R.G.>
See: <publicist style>
••
имеет своей основной функцией воздействие на волю, сознание и чувства слушателя или читателя (I.V.A.)
See: <functional style>, <stylistic device>
Features of publicist style
- combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal;
- features, common with the style of scientific prose and emotive prose;
- coherent and logical syntactical structure, expanded system of connectives and careful paragraphing;
- use of words with <emotive meaning>, the use of other SD as in emotive prose, but the SD are not fresh or genuine;
- individual element is little in evidence here, generally toned down and limited;
- brevity of expression (sometimes epigrammatic) – leading feature;
Source: <I.R.G.>
See: <publicist style>
|
|
|
Newspaper style
газетный стиль
1) observed in the majority of information materials printed in newspapers;
- is often regarded as part of the publicist domain and is not always treated individually;
Source: <V.A.K.>:118,8
••
2) a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community speaking the language as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader.
- primary function is to impart information, See ks to influence public opinion on political and other matters (brief news items and communiqués, press reports, purely informational, advertisement and announcements, editorials)
- <features of newspaper style>
Source: <I.R.G.>
- <особенности газетного стиля>
See: <functional style>, <stylistic device>
Features of newspaper style
- alleges and claims, restrictions of time and space
- special political and economic terms, non-term political vocabulary, newspaper clichés, abbreviations, neologisms;
- syntactic constructions, indicating a lack of assurance of the reporter as to the correctness of the facts reported or his desire to avoid responsibility;
- complex sentences with a developed system of clauses;
- syntactical complexes: verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial) and verbal noun constructions;
- specific word order – five-w-and-h-pattern rule: (who-what-why-how-where-when);
- attributive noun groups (e.g. leap into space age);
- headlines are the most concise;
- considerable amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement, the use of emotionally coloured words and elements of emotive syntax).
Source: <I.R.G.>
e.g. A column 185 feet high with a statue of Admiral Nelson on top was created in Trafalgar Square in 1876. – В 1867 году на Трафальгарской площади была сооружена колонна 185 футов высотой, на верхушке которой была установлена статуя адмирала Нельсона.
See: <особенности газетного стиля>, <newspaper style>
Belles-lettres style
(the) style of imaginative literature
стиль художественной литературы
embracing numerous and versatile genres of imaginative writing
The unlimited possibilities of creative writing, which covers the whole of the universe and makes use of all language resources, led some scholars to the conviction that because of the liability of its contours, it can be hardly qualified as a functional style.
Source: <V.A.K.>:118,8
••
The purpose (the cognitive function) is not to prove but only to suggest a possible *interpretation of the phenomena of life by forcing the reader to See the viewpoint of the writer.
[u]Substyles:[/u] the language of poetry (verse), emotive prose (fiction), the language of drama.
- <features of belles-lettres style>
Syn.: belles-lettres style, style of imaginative literature
Source: <I.R.G.>
See: <poetic style>, <supra-phrasal unit>, <functional style>, <stylistic device>,, <stylistic analysis of poetry>, <stylistic analysis of prose>
|
|
|
Features of belles-lettres style
- use of words in contextual and very often in more than one <dictionary meaning>, or at least greatly influenced by the lexical environment.
- a vocabulary which will reflect to a greater or lesser degree of author's personal evaluation of things or phenomena;
- a peculiar individual selection of vocabulary and syntax, a kind of lexical and syntactical idiosyncrasy;
- the introduction of the typical features of colloquial language to a full degree (in plays) or a lesser one (in emotive prose) or a slight degree, if any (in poems)
- individual, distinctive properties, aesthetic-cognitive effect.
Source: <I.R.G.>
See: <belles-lettres style>,
Poetic style
- dealt with verbal forms specific for poetry
But poetry, within the last decades, lost its isolated linguistic position; it makes use of all the vocabulary and grammar offered by the language at large and there is hardly sense in singling out a special poetic style for contemporary linguistic situation, though its relevance for the language of the 17th, 18th and even the biggest part of the 19th centuries cannot be argued.
Source: <V.A.K.>:9
See: <belles-lettres style>, <literary words>
|
|
|
