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Talks, Discussions, Consultations
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SECTION 1
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
| 1. loyalty to smth. 2. struggle 3. peaceful policy 4. peaceful coexistence 5. comprehensive programme 6. chief aim (purpose) 7. to win smth. 8. entry into an organisation a community a block 9. to dominate 10. private talks meetings 11. annual meetings 12. bi-annual consultations 13. protocol on smth. 14. confidence 15. to convince smb. of smth. 16. to meet the interests 17. stable relations 18. understanding 19. to embrace smth. 20. to cause smth. 21. tension 22. measure 23. to conduct smth. 24. the conduct of smth. 25. to design smth. 26. on the basis of smth. 27. reciprocity 28. appropriate level 29. either side 30. summit 31. informal talks 32. a new round of talks 33. to negotiate with smb. for smth. 34. an exchange of views 35. in an atmosphere of mutual understanding 36. a matter of mutual interest | 1. верность чему-либо 2. борьба 3. мирная политика 4. мирное сосуществование 5. комплексная программа 6. главная цель 7. добиваться чего-либо 8. вступление в организацию в сообщество в блок 9. доминировать, преобладать 10. конфиденциальные переговоры неофициальные встречи 11. ежегодные встречи 12. консультации, проходящие 2 раза в год 13. протокол о чем-то 14. доверие 15. убеждать кого-то в чем-то 16. отвечать интересам 17. прочные отношения 18. договоренность, соглашение, согласие 19. охватывать что-то 20. вызывать что-то 21. напряженность 22. мера 23. проводить что-то 24. проведение чего-либо 25. предназначать что-то 26. на основе чего-либо 27. взаимность, взаимный обмен (услугами) 28. соответствующий уровень 29. любая из сторон 30. переговоры на высшем уровне 31. неофициальные переговоры 32. новый раунд переговоров 33. вести переговоры с кем-то о чем-то 34. обмен мнениями 35. в атмосфере взаимопонимания 36. вопрос, представляющий взаимный интерес |
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences:
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1. During the talks the two sides expressed their readiness to expand Italian-Portuguese contacts and ties in every sphere of mutual interest in an effort to consolidate European security and promote peaceful cooperation among states.
2. The Austrian Chancellor said on his return from Moscow that his talks with Russian leaders had been especially valuable. During the talks which passed in an atmosphere of friendship and mutual understanding there was a thorough exchange of opinions on the further development of relations between the two countries.
3. The talks which were conducted in a frank atmosphere centred on measures to intensify economic, scientific and technological cooperation.
4. Last year about 90 international scientific congresses, conferences and symposia were held in Europe.
5. During the talks special attention was paid to the situation in the Middle East.
6. Our purpose has been to follow a consistent policy of enhancing peaceful coexistence with all countries by developing treaty relations with them, covering various fields of state-to-state relations.
7. The Pentagon is at present making plans for the holding of joint exercises of the armed forces of the United States and Japan.
8. The joint committee had decided to intensify the studies of the new fields of cooperation.
9. The NATO countries are planning to carry out exercises in the Pacific off the coast of the Philippines.
10. The UN Special Committee on the Indian Ocean is planning a conference on implementation of the General Assembly’s Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace.
SECTION 2
Страдательный залог
Страдательный залог английского языка строится по схеме:
To be + III форма глагола
И может иметь следующий вид в предложении:
| Simple Present | Simple Past | Simple Future |
  Am
| Was | Will be held |
| Is held | held | |
| Are | Were | |
| Present Continuous | Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
 
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| Am | have | |
| Is being held | has been held | had been held |
| Are |
Если сказуемое выражено одним из этих вариантов, то его можно переводить следующими способами:
1. Возвратными глаголами с частицами "ся", "сь".
The conference is being held in London now.
Сейчас в Лондоне проводится конференция.
The conference was held in London last month.
В прошлом месяце в Лондоне проводилась конференция.
2. Глаголом "быть" + краткое причастие
The conference will be held in London.
Конференция будет проведена в Лондоне.
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3. Русское предложение начать с дополнения
The conference will be held in London.
Конференцию проведут в Лондоне.
4. Заменить страдательный залог на действительный
The conference will be held in London.
Конференция пройдет в Лондоне.
Как видно из примеров, способы перевода могут быть взаимозаменяемы.
5. Применяя лексический перевод, то есть, подбирая адекватные русские эквиваленты.
It has been estimated that about 2000 participants of the conference will arrive in London tomorrow.
По оценкам, завтра в Лондон на конференцию прибудут около двух тысяч делегатов.
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the form of predicate. Give two or more variants if possible.
1. The Prime Minister of Malta was greeted at the airport by the Russian officials.
2. It was announced yesterday that the Foreign Minister of England had accepted the invitation to visit Russia in June.
3. The summit will be held in Moscow, the capital of Russia.
4. The draft agreement was developed by the Russian specialists.
5. The parliamentary delegation was warmly welcomed at the airport.
6. “The Russian Prime Minister is invited to visit India early in May this year”, - the Kremlin spokesman said yesterday.
7. According to the Committee of State Construction about 150 projects are at present being built in Moscow by foreign workers.
8. Armenian nuclear power plant was shut down after the earthquake.
9. It was once said that freedom is the recognition of necessity.
10. Toxic wastes were found in the outskirts of Moscow.
SECTION 3
Translate the following articles:
POLISH-HUNGARIAN MEETING
Talks opened Tuesday in Budapest between the Polish Premier and the Prime Minister of Hungary. The two countries are discussing further expansion of their economic, scientific and technological cooperation. The Polish Foreign Minister is taking part in the Budapest talks.
RUSSIAN-BRITISH PROTOCOL ON CONSULTATIONS
The Russian Federation and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland desiring to strengthen mutual confidence and understanding between their two countries and being convinced that the consolidation of peaceful cooperative relations between Russia and the UK meets the interests of the people of both countries, believing that the development of stable friendly relations between them will help to strengthen relations of peaceful coexistence have reached the following understanding:
1. The RF and the UK will enlarge and deepen political consultations on important international problems of mutual interest and on questions of bilateral relations.
2. The consultations will embrace:
- international questions causing tension in various parts of the world;
- measures to strengthen peace and security in Europe and to develop cooperation among the countries of the European continent;
- questions of mutual interest which are the subject of discussion in international forums, including the United Nations;
- questions of a political, economic and cultural nature, environmental questions and other subjects, concerning relations between the two countries.
3. The consultations will be carried out on a basis of reciprocity at all appropriate levels and will have a regular character.
Either side is free to recommend the holding of such consultations including the time and the level at which they should be held.
SECTION 4
Revision
Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
1. last week’s talks
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2. this month’s negotiations
3. loyalty to the principles of peaceful coexistence
4. to adopt a joint declaration
5. private consultations
6. current international problems
7. major issues
8. urgent matters
9. to arrive in Moscow for negotiations with
10. the chief aim is to develop contacts
11. a review of urgent international problems
12. to win the support
13. on the basis of mutual understanding
14. on the basis of reciprocity
15. consultations on measures to strengthen peace
16. negotiations on bilateral matters
17. consultations will embrace measures to develop cooperation
18. talks will embrace measures to consolidate peace
19. to promote the deepening of understanding
20. the conduct of such meetings is designed for may
21. mutual confidence between the two countries
22. stable relations between both countries
23. regular consultations on peace
24. bilateral contacts between Russia and the UK
25. peaceful coexistence among nations
26. all-round cooperation among the European states
27. stable relations among the UN members
28. a matter of mutual interest
29. the summit will be held
30. an exchange of views will take place
Lesson 5
Declarations, Communiqués, Statements.
SECTION 1
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
| 1. joint communiqué declaration efforts 2. to be aware of smth. 3. Responsibility 4. to deteriorate deterioration 5. to reiterate 6. commitment to smth. 7. persistent struggle 8. to manifest smth. manifestation 9. to record smth. 10. mankind 11. fruitful cooperation 12. decade 13. to implement smth. implementation 14. mutual benefit 15. to observe smth. observance 16. to recognize smth. 17. major significance problem 18. to reaffirm smth. 19. objective 20. to face smth. 21. to prevent smth. prevention 22. to do one’s utmost 23. to convince smb. 24. to renounce smth. renunciation 25. territorial integrity 26. inviolability 27. outstanding issues 28. to enable smb. to do smth. 29. to oppose smth. 30. to value smth. 31. to serve smth. 32. to attach importance/ significance to smth. 33. to view smth. as smth. 34. to set a date 35. to set a target an aim | 1. совместное коммюнике декларация усилия 2. осознавать, знать что-то 3. ответственность 4. ухудшать, ухудшаться ухудшение, осложнение 5. вновь подтверждать что-то 6. обязательство, приверженность 7. упорная борьба 8. проявлять, ясно показывать что-то проявление 9. записывать, протоколировать что-то 10. человечество 11. плодотворное сотрудничество 12. десятилетие 13. выполнять, осуществлять что-то выполнение 14. обоюдная выгода 15. соблюдать, выполнять что-то соблюдение, выполнение 16. признавать, осознавать что-то 17. важнейшее значение проблема 18. вновь подтвердить 19. задача, цель 20. сталкиваться с чем-то 21. предотвращать что-либо предотвращение 22. делать все возможное 23. убеждать кого-либо 24. отказываться от чего-то отказ 25. территориальная целостность 26. нерушимость, неприкосновенность 27. нерешенные вопросы 28. позволять кому-то сделать что-то 29. выступать против чего-то 30. ценить что-либо 31. служить чему-либо 32. придавать значение чему-либо 33. рассматривать что-либо как что-либо 34. намечать дату 35. ставить цель |
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Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences:
1. A joint communiqué stressed that Austria’s neutrality was a positive contribution to the relaxation of international tension and to strengthening of peace.
2. A joint communiqué stressed that complete disarmament under strict international control was the most important question facing the world.
3. On May, 23, the Russian Premier met the President of Malta in the Kremlin. The two leaders made a statement important for both countries.
4. The joint statement emphasized that peace movement is still very important for this region.
5. Both sides expressed their concern about peace process in the Declaration.
6. Russia is maintaining its traditionally extensive commercial relations with Sweden and Austria.
7. These measures aimed at lessening the danger of armed conflicts must play an important role in maintaining peace and security in Europe.
8. This policy enjoys the support of all progressive people throughout the world.
9. Russian-Mozambique joint statement stressed that the talks proceeded in an atmosphere of friendship and complete mutual understanding.
10. The participants in the joint session were trying to find some common ground on which the two rival factions might get together to discuss their differences.
SECTION 2
Сложное подлежащее
Английские предложения, содержащие "сложное подлежащее", имеют следующую структуру:
| Подлежащее | сказуемое | инфинитив | обстоятельство |
| Smb. (smth.) | reported | ||
| believed | |||
| is | expected | to do smth. | when? |
| considered | |||
| likely | |||
| unlikely | |||
| seems | |||
| appears | |||
| turns out |
Перевод таких предложений начинается со сказуемого, которое переводится неопределенно-личной формой:
is reported - передают, сообщают, сообщения утверждают, что
is expected - ожидается, предполагают, что
is believed - считают, что
is considered – считают, считается, что
seems – кажется, что
is likely – по-видимому, вероятно
is unlikely – едва ли, вряд ли
затем переводится подлежащее, а затем инфинитив. Причем инфинитив переводится личной, спрягаемой формой глагола, а затем все остальные члены предложения.
The Italian Foreign Minister is expected to visit London.
Ожидается, что министр иностранных дел Италии посетит Лондон.
The new Ambassador is reported to arrive on Monday.
Сообщается, что новый посол прибудет в понедельник.
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences paying attention to Complex Subject
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1. The Congress is expected to open on Tuesday.
2. The delegation is reported to leave Moscow for London.
3. The talks are expected to take place in June.
4. The Home Secretary is expected to make a statement next week.
5. The Conference is likely to last for 10 days.
6. About 200 people are reported to have been arrested on different charges in Ulster yesterday.
7. The BBC is considered to play an important role in world news broadcasting.
8. The meeting, which lasted just half an hour, seems to have taken place at the Prime Minister’s request.
9. The US-Russian talks are not expected to last more than two days.
10. The sides are expected to prepare grounds for START-2 discussion.
SECTION 3
Translate the following article
JOINT RUSSIAN-INDIAN DECLARATION
The Russian Federation and the Republic of India aware of their responsibility for the promotion of international peace and nothing with concern the deterioration of the present- day international situation, reiterating their common commitment to the development of cooperation between nations in accordance with the principles of peaceful coexistence, determined to carry on persistent struggle for peace and international security, national independence of peoples, against all manifestations of neo-colonialism and racism, and for lofty ideals of mankind recorded in the Charter of the United Nations, declare their firm intention in accordance with the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation between Russia and India, to continue strengthening and deepening Russian-Indian friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation in the interest of the peoples of the two countries and the cause of international peace and security.
The Russian Federation and India note with profound satisfaction that the relations between them which have been fruitfully developing for decades in atmosphere of friendship and trust, provide an eloquent example of practical implementation of the principles of peaceful coexistence between states. These relations are developing to the mutual benefit of the peoples of both countries on the basis of equality and mutual respect, strict observance of sovereignty and non-interference in each other’s affairs.
The Russian Federation and India recognize that their relations of mutual understanding, confidence and all-round cooperation are of major significance for peace and stability in Asia and in the world. They reaffirm their determination to continue developing these relations and thus to effectively promote the improvement of the international situation.
Russia and India firmly believe that the most important objective facing mankind is the strengthening of peace and the prevention of a new world war and they will do their utmost in contributing towards the lofty end.
Russia and India reaffirmed their conviction that inter-state relations should develop on the basis of the fundamental and universally recognized principles such as renunciation of the threat or use of force, respect for sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, inviolability of borders and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
SECTION 4
Revision
Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
1. to be aware of the outstanding issues facing mankind
2. one’s responsibility for the deepening of mutually beneficial cooperation
3. to reiterate the common commitment to the promotion of bilateral relations
4. to reaffirm the determination to implement the principles of peaceful coexistence between states
5. to affirm the respect for sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and inviolability of borders
6. the sides will continue to support peace
7. the sides will declare their firm intention to develop cooperation
8. to oppose the threat or use of force
9. to oppose outside interference in the internal affairs of other countries
10. to serve the deepening of bilateral relations
11. to promote the maintenance of regular contacts on major questions
12. to provide an opportunity for reviewing the results
13. to strengthen international peace
14. in accordance with the Treaty of Peace and Friendship
15. unconformity with the spirit and principles of the UN Charter
16. respect for the principles of peaceful coexistence
17. to respect the principles of the inadmissibility of the application of force
18. respect for sovereignty, equality and territorial integrity
19. the most important objective
20. the renunciation of the threat or use of force
Lesson 6
Peace, Security, Détente.
SECTION 1
ACTIVE VOCABULARY.
| 1. détente 2. arms race 3. to set up to increase tension to whip up 4. international law 5. to commit oneself to do smth. to pledge to doing smth. 6. to claim 7. non-interference in smth. non-intervention 8. to recall smth. 9. to save smb. from smth. 10. unconditional 11. breach of principles law promise 12. irrespective of smth. 13. to justify smth. 14. inconsistent with 15. to urge smb. to do smth. 16. to adhere to the Charter 17. to observe the principles 18. to refrain from smth. 19. dispute over smth. 20. to endanger peace security justice 21. to intervene in smth. to interfere in smth. 22. self-determination 23. duty 24. obligations 25. commitments 26. to seek smth. 27. to implement a resolution 28. to provide for smth. 29. exclusively 30. mediation 31. mediator 32. conciliation 33. flexible policy 34. to suppress acts of aggression 35. alliance 36. to eliminate 37. war hotbed 38. military base 39. nuclear weapons 40. weapons of mass destruction | 1. ослабление напряженности, разрядка 2. гонка вооружений 3. нагнетать обстановку 4. международное право 5. обязываться делать что-то 6. предъявлять претензии 7. невмешательство во что-то 8. напоминать о чем-либо 9. избавлять, спасать кого-то от чего-то 10. безоговорочный 11. нарушение принципов законов обещаний 12. независимо от чего-либо 13. оправдывать что-либо 14. несовместимый с чем-либо 15. принуждать кого-то делать что-то 16. соблюдать Устав 17. соблюдать принципы 18. воздерживаться от чего-либо 19. спор из-за чего-либо 20. подвергать угрозе мир ставить под угрозу безопасность справедливость 21. вмешиваться во что-либо 22. самоопределение 23. обязанность, долг 24. обязательства 25. приверженность, обязательства 26. добиваться, стремиться к чему-либо 27. выполнять резолюцию 28. предусматривать что-либо 29. исключительно 30. посредничество 31. посредник 32. примирение 33. гибкая политика 34. подавлять акты агрессии 35. союз 36. уничтожать 37. очаги войны 38. военная база 39. ядерное оружие 40. оружие массового поражения |
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences:
1. The peoples of the world urge an international disarmament conference to be held in the near future.
2. The world public demands that the treaty should be ratified as soon as possible.
3. The two countries were doing their best to make détente an irreversible process.
4. It is reasonable that the Conference on Security and Cooperation should be held at the highest level at any early date.
5. The sides discussed a proposal for a world disarmament conference.
6. Our main objective is the strengthening of world peace and security.
7. The relaxation of world tension is the main objective of all peace-loving forces.
8. The UN member states should fulfil the obligations assumed by them in accordance to the Charter.
9. All states should act in such a manner that the arm race is stopped.
10. International bodies should observe that international law is not violated.
SECTION 2
Перевод ‘ing-forms’
Перевод предложений, содержащих ‘ing-forms’, зависит от функции этих форм в предложении.
‘Ing- формы’ могут быть:
1. Подлежащими и будут переводиться как существительные.
Setting up the UN was a long and rather complicated process.
Создание ООН было долгим и довольно сложным процессом.
2. Сказуемым, которое переводится сочетанием указательного местоимения "это" с существительным.
One of the main tasks of the UN is maintaining peace in the world.
Одна из главных задач ООН – это сохранение мира на земле.
3. Дополнением, которое будет переводиться существительным.
The two countries must advance as quickly as possible towards signing the agreement to reduce strategic arms.
Обе страны должны как можно быстрее подписать договор, ограничивающий стратегические вооружения.
4. Определением, которое будет переводиться причастием или причастным оборотом.
The two countries must sign the agreement reducing nuclear weapons.
Обе страны должны подписать договор, ограничивающий ядерные арсеналы.
5. Обстоятельством, которое переводится деепричастием или деепричастным оборотом, существительным с предлогом или придаточным предложением.
Accepting the Spanish king’s invitation the President of Russia sent him a letter of gratitude.
Получив приглашение от короля Испании, Президент России отправил ему благодарственное письмо.
Having signed the agreement the heads of the delegations exchanged speeches.
Подписав соглашение, главы делегаций выступили с ответными речами.
When speaking at the meeting he supported the policy of the government.
В своем выступлении на встрече он поддержал политику правительства.
Ex.1 Translate the following sentences paying attention to “ing-forms”
- Write to me naming the day of the arrival of the delegation.
- A peaceful way of solving all disputable questions in the Middle East is welcomed.
- Reconstructing the economy on market principles is the aim of Russia.
- By signing the Final Act we have made our contribution to peace process.
- On leaving Moscow the high guest thanked the Russian government for hospitality.
- Trade can also serve making peace and confidence between people.
- Placing nuclear power engineering under the effective public control is the key problem at the moment.
- Establishing diplomatic relations with other countries we contribute to the strengthening of peace and security.
- Having in mind the need to achieve a comprehensive peace settlement in the Middle East the President and the Chancellor discussed the latest developments in that region.
- Having thoroughly reviewed economic questions the two sides agreed that mutually beneficial commercial links are an important element in relations between the two countries.
SECTION 3
Translate the following articles.
Madrid Meeting
The first stage of the Madrid meeting of the participants in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was held at the end of last year after a four week’s exchange of views on the implementation of the Final Act signed in Helsinki by 33 European countries as well as the United States and Canada.
Within the framework of this document the delegations submitted proposals for strengthening security, expanding cooperation, and carrying détente forward in the future.
Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security.
(Resolution adopted by the General Assembly)
(excerpts)
The General Assembly, recalling the determination of peoples of the United Nations to live together in peace with one another as good neighbours and to unite their strength to maintain International peace and security reaffirms the universal and unconditional validity of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations as the basis of relations among states irrespective of their size, geographical location, level of development or political, economic and social systems and declares that the breach of these principles cannot be justified in any circumstances.
Calls upon all states to adhere strictly in their international relations to the purposes and principles of the Charter, including that the principle that states shall refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
Urges Member States to make full use of the means and methods for exclusively peaceful settlement of any dispute or any situation.
Recognizes the need for effective, dynamic and flexible measures to prevent threats to peace, suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace.
Recommends that all states should contribute to the efforts to ensure peace and security for all nations and to establish an effective system of universal collective security without military alliance.
SECTION 4
Revision
Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
- to build
to maintain
to strengthen
to restore peace and security
to seek
to establish
to endanger
to threaten to consolidate
2. to ensure
to establish a system of collective security and confidence
to build
- in accordance
in conformity with the UN Charter
in keeping
in line
- to settle all disputes by peaceful means
in a peaceful way
through negotiations
5. the breach of international law
6. the threat or use of force
7. the interference in the domestic affairs of other states
8. to make urgent efforts
9. to observe
to implement
to respect
to adhere to the principles of the Resolution
10. not to justify the breach of principles
11. to condemn the violation of borders
12. to refrain from the breach of international law
13. to implement obligations
14. to save the world from nuclear war
15. to support the policy of détente
16. unconditional duty
17. to prevent the arms race
Lesson 7
Military Actions
SECTION 1
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
| 1. air-base 2. air-craft 3. air-strike 4. bomber 5. air-defence 6. fighter 7. anti-aircraft 8. anti-missile 9. arsenal 10. artillery 11. assault, attack 12. breakdown 13. breakthrough 14. build up 15. to cease fire 16. army corps 17. remand 18. deployment 19. disengagement 20. dominance 21. combat 22. guard 23. patrol 24. firearm 25. formation 26. headquarters (HQ) 27. to halt 28. to jeopardize 29. land-mine 30. munitions 31. navy 32. picket 33. pre-emptive 34. raid 35. reconnaissance 36. guerrillas 37. rebels 38. shell 39. target 40. troops reduction | 1. авиабаза 2. самолет 3. авиаудар 4. бомбардировщик 5. противовоздушная оборона 6. штурмовик 7. противовоздушный 8. противоракетный 9. арсенал, боезапас 10. артиллерия 11. атака 12. потеря, распад 13. прорыв 14. наращивание 15. прекращать боевые действия 16. армейский корпус 17. потребность 18. развертывание 19. выход из боя 20. превосходство 21. бой, сражение 22. караул, дозор 23. патруль 24. огнестрельное оружие 25. соединение 26. штаб 27. прекратить 28. ставить под угрозу 29. противопехотная мина 30. военное имущество 31. военно-морской флот 32. дозор 33. превентивный 34. налет 35. разведка 36. партизаны 37. повстанцы, боевики 38. снаряд 39. мишень, цель 40. сокращение численности войск |
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences:
1. Interior troops soldiers were firing at rebel fighters from a certain position in the city.
2. The troops raged by rising losses, battle their way towards the centre of the city.
3. Snipers were firing from high-rises west and south-west of the square, while federal tanks blasted rebel positions from the south-east.
4. The President approved plans on Thursday to sharply increase the purchase of new weapons and equipment to modernize the army.
5. “While nuclear deterrent forces remain a priority, the state defence order will be increasingly directed toward purchasing weapons for conventional forces,” the Defence Minister said.
6. General Headquarters announces that the first strike was made by the rebels.
7. About three bombers and five fighters took part in the air fight.
8. The troops are dying at a far faster raid than official figures suggest, two commercial news organizations said on Monday.
9. “These actions can jeopardize the talk process possibility”, - military sources said on Tuesday.
10. The troops are fighting the rebels in the mountainous regions where fighters can take shelter.
SECTION 2
Participle II
Если в предложении встречается третья форма глагола, то необходимо помнить, что она необязательно входит в состав сказуемого. Такая форма может быть Participle II и выполнять следующие функции в предложении:
1. Обстоятельство. В таком случае она переводится придаточным предложением:
When asked about the disarmament situation, the UN Secretary said: “I don’t think there has been any marked progress.”
Когда Секретарю ООН был задан вопрос о ситуации в области разоружения, он ответил: "Я не думаю, что здесь прослеживается какой-либо заметный прогресс."
2. Определение. В таком случае переводится страдательным причастием.
The Russian – Polish agreement signed in Moscow was widely discussed in Poland.
Договор между Россией и Польшей, подписанный в Москве получил широкое обсуждение в Польше.
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences paying attention to Participles.
1. Questioned at a press conference about the new European currency, the US President said: “ I don’t think it is a threat to our economy.”
2. A Russian delegation invited to make a tour of Italy will arrive in Rome tomorrow.
3. When asked if he proposed to invite the British Prime Minister to pay a return visit to India, the Indian Prime Minister replied: “Most certainly.”
4. Germany’s potential naval strength, which appeared so modest to the British government, assumed a different aspect when viewed from the Continent.
5. Blinded by this victory the government forgot economic and political laws.
6. Guided by a desire to promote mutual understanding, the two sides resolved to set up “round table”.
7. The reception given in the Kremlin in honour of the visiting delegation proceeded in a cordial atmosphere.
8. The two countries are developing economic cooperation within the framework of the long-term programme adopted three years ago.
9. Talks aimed at ending violence will begin tomorrow.
10. Having refused to accept the proposal put forward by the President, the Prime Minister suggested his own plan.
SECTION 3
Translate the following articles:
KEY SQUARE CAPTURED
Military forces pushed into a strategically key square in the capital of rebel region on Monday after more than a week of intense battles with rebel snipers firing from high-rise buildings, Military officials said.
“After taking this square, I can say that we can totally control the city,” a commander said on the TV channel. The square is adjacent to several of main roads and could be a starting point or a drive into the centre.
The advance toward the square came under withering sniper fire from rebels in high-rise buildings along the approach streets, sometimes bringing the troops to a standstill. Rebels elsewhere of the city have put up fierce resistance and the rebel command shows no sign of backing down.
The spokesman for the Government said on Monday that about 140 guerrillas had surrendered in recent days, but the figure was questioned by many newspapers’ reporters.
TROOPS STRUGGLE TO REACH KEY CITIES
Rebel snipers in high-rise buildings and trenches held off the government troops trying to advance on the centre of the city on Thursday, while a rain of bombs and rockets blanketed the capital in thick smoke.
International pressure was building on the Government to end the war, with UN Secretary-General saying that he wants the conflict to end as soon as possible. The Council of Europe’s parliamentary assembly called for the country to open cease-fire talks and to hold attacks on civilians.
The Government officials vowed that neither the military’s aims nor its tactics would change.
“A concrete combat task has been set for the troops and they will fulfil it, regardless of how certain countries feel about it,” presidential aid told at a news conference.
The Defence Minister claimed that the operation “ is approaching a breakthrough”, the news agencies reported.
DISSIDENTS STORM THAI HOSPITAL
Thailand, - Heavily armed guerrillas from God’s Army, a rebel group opposed to military government stormed a Thai hospital on Monday and took hundreds of patients and staff hostage.
Sixteen fighters from the ethnic militia, aged between 14 and 30 swarmed into the hospital in the early morning from the hijacked bus.
By late Monday, the hostage takers had released 100 people but between 500 and 600 others were still inside, military sources told AP.
The gunmen demanded two helicopters to help them flee to the jungle hide out on the border and pledged to leave one of their number behind in return, the sources said.
SECTION 4
Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
1. army arsenal
2. to build up military activity
3. a cease-fire order
4. duty- guard
5. to hold the attack
6. all kinds of weapons
7. land-based launcher
8. war machine
9. machine gun
10. massive strike
11. a defence line
12. prisoner of war (POW)
13. military preparedness
14. strategic potential
15. redeployment
16. region of combat operations
17. regrouping
18. relocation
19. hot point
20. hostages
21. fighter
22. strategic warning
23. war theatre
24. troop transport
25. commando
Lesson 8
The Problem of Employment
SECTION 1
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
| 1. employment 2. full employment 3. underemployment 4. unemployment joblessness 5. the unemployment army 6. unemployed jobless 7. jobless rate 8. dole welfare 9. to be on dole 10. Labour Exchange 11. to sign on at the Labour Exchange 12. to sack to fire to lock out to dismiss 13. working week 14. working man 15. working wages 16. standing committee 17. cuts in public spending 18. low-paid workers 19. to give notice 20. to give a short notice 21. to give 50 – days notice 22. to receive a lay-off notice 23. a sack notice 24. skilled worker craftsman 25. semi-skilled worker operative 26. unskilled worker general worker labourer 27. piece-worker 28. time-worker 29. highly-paid worker 30. white-collar worker 31. blue-collar worker 32. civil servant 33. seasonal worker 34. home workers home-makers | 1. трудовая занятость 2. полная занятость 3. неполная занятость 4. безработица 5. армия безработных 6. безработный 7. уровень безработицы 8. пособие по безработице 9. жить на пособие по безработице 10. Биржа Труда 11. встать на учет на биржу труда 12. увольнять 13. рабочая неделя 14. работающий человек 15. заработная плата 16. постоянно действующий комитет 17. сокращение расходов на общественные нужды 18. низкооплачиваемые рабочие 19. уведомить об увольнении 20. предупредить незадолго до увольнения 21. предупредить об увольнении за 50 дней 22. получить предупреждение об увольнении 23. уведомление об увольнении 24. квалифицированный работник 25. рабочий средней квалификации 26. неквалифицированный рабочий 27. сдельщик 28. рабочий на повременной оплате 29. высокооплачиваемый рабочий 30. работник умственного труда 31. заводской рабочий 32. государственный служащий 33. сезонный рабочий 34. надомные рабочие |
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences
1. With the prices going higher and higher and the wages frozen, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the housewife to make both ends meet.
2. With the Government doing its utmost to keep wages down, and with price increases due to Market membership coming on top of price increases arising from Government policy, the standard of living in this country would be given an extremely serious setback.
3. With unemployment being now a crisis issue in many areas, the Labour movement is stepping up “right to work” campaign.
4. Tory policy was also resulting in continuously rising prices, the reduction in the food subsidies in particular having caused a sharp rises in the price of food.
5. Almost all councils are putting up their rents, the reason being the heavy burden of interests for housing.
6. With hundreds of teachers in X being threatened with layoffs, and with thousands of others around the country set to lose their jobs this fall, the Federation of Teachers membership is probing new ways of financing public education in order to solve this crisis.
7. There were 464,190 people unemployed in the Country on August 13 – 2.1 per cent of the working population. Of this number 18,914 were temporarily unemployed.
8. Between July 16 and August 13, unemployment rose by 63,773.
9. The number of school-leavers unemployed rose to 43,999. Excluding school-leavers, unemployed rose by 21,180 to 391,839 the normal seasonal increase being about 9,000.
10. Estimated unemployment figures at the end of January were 416,000, some 66,000 more than at the same date last year, according to Ministry of Labour figures issued yesterday.
SECTION 2
"Ложные друзья" переводчика
Пожалуй, в практике перевода нет столь "обманчивой" лексики, какой является "псевдоинтернациональная" лексика. Данной лексике теоретики перевода дали название "ложные друзья переводчика".
К "ложным друзьям" переводчика относятся слова, совпадающие по форме в русском и английском языках, но не совпадающие по значению:
1. Prospect вид, панорама, перспектива
виды, планы на будущее
предполагаемый покупатель, клиент, подписчик
проспект (улица) avenue
проспект (книги, издания) prospectus
2. list список, перечень, реестр
duty list – расписание дежурств
list price – цена по прейскуранту
лист (дерева) leaf
лист (материал) sheet, plate
3. contribution пожертвование, взнос
вклад
сотрудничество (в журнале, газете)
статья для газеты, журнала
содействие
налог
контрибуция indemnity
4. data (datum) данные
сведения, факты
дата date
5. manufacture производство, изготовление
обработка
процесс изготовления
изделия, продукт
мануфактура textiles
6. intelligence ум, рассудок, интеллект
сведения, информация
разведка
интеллигенция intellectuals
7. family семья, род
содружество
фамилия surname
8. nation народ
нация, народность
страна, государство
peace-loving nation миролюбивые страны
smaller nations малые державы
law of nations международное право
9. nature природа, мир, вселенная
сущность, основное свойство, характер
род, сорт, класс
натура (характер человека) human nature
10. division деление,
граница, барьер
отдел, раздел
расхождение во взглядах,
разногласие
дивизия division
11. article статья
предмет, изделие
артикль article
12. production изготовление, производство
добыча
oil production
продукция item
13. industry промышленность
индустрия (обратите внимание, что слова промышленность и индустрия отличаются по сфере употребления)
14. economy экономика
экономия сбережений economies
saving
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the “false interpreters’ friends”:
1. The draft resolution was sponsored in the General Assembly by the Afro-Asian nations.
2. Russian – Bulgarian commercial relations are promoted through a regular exchange of industrial goods.
3. According to UNESCO data, there are over 800 million people in the world who cannot read or write.
4. A general election will be held in the country in November.
5. Final results of the election may not be known until next week.
6. The discussion of measures for stopping to spread of nuclear weapons will take place early next week.
7. At the final session the Congress adopted the appeal.
8. Scientists can make a valuable contribution to solving the problems of world disarmament.
9. During the first decade of independent development, the Nigerian people concentrated mostly on strengthening political stability in the country.
10. The small nations demanded that the world conference be held next year.
SECTION 3
Translate the following articles:
JOBLESSNESS AT POSTWAR HIGH
Layoffs and plant closings raised the country’s unemployment in March to 9 per cent, equal to the post-World War 11 high, the Labour Department said on Friday.
Just under 9.9 million people were out of work in March. Among Afro-Americans, rose to a record 18 per cent. Since last July about 2 million people have lost their jobs.
UNEMPLOYMENT GROWING
Unemployment rose to a post-war high in July and government officials are unable to say when the continuing rise in the jobless total will be stopped.
Total unemployment in the month ended July 14 surged 163,901 to 1,613,956 or 6,8 per cent of the work force. The Department of Employment said the figures were the largest since they began calculating jobless figures in 1949.
Although most of the increase in those out of work was due to school leavers unable to find jobs, seasonally adjusted unemployment of 1,393,800 or 5,9 per cent of work force was also at a record high.
The Employment Department spokesman said that rise in employment between mid-June and mid-July
Included more than 100,000 school-leavers aged 18.
UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS DICUSSED
The country’s top bosses association yesterday painted the grim prospect of high unemployment increasing further.
Confederation of British Industry President on the eve of the CBI’s annual conference said, those were the findings from a survey of 700 firms.
He coupled his announcement with a plea to workers to cut their pay claims by two per cent in each of the next two years, but, admitting that labour costs in the country are relatively low, offered no prospects that this would improve the jobless figures for years to come.
However, the President argued that with increased state investment in industry, the jobless total would be cut by one-third of a million for every 1 billion dollars in public spending, which would be a more rewarding policy than tax cuts.
The conference today discusses this question with emphasis on a call for inner-city development, the improvement in the building industry and trading and consideration of earlier retirement.
SECTION 4
Revision
Ex. 1 Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
1. to be out of work
2. part-time work
3. the working population
4. the accelerating inflation
5. steady lowing productivity
6. growing problem of poverty and low pay
7. a planned three-day strike
8. long-term unemployed
9. temporarily unemployed
10. to throw out of work
11. to fire
12. to give smb. a sack
13. dismissal
14. to get a month’s notice
15. to lose one’s job
16. standing committee
17. Labour Exchange
18. Labour Department
19. blue-collar worker
20. civil servant
Lesson 9
Electoral Systems
SECTION 1
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. franchise
suffrage
universal suffrage
2. right to vote
to be entitled to vote
to be eligible to vote
3. to elect
to be elected
4. election
elections
general elections
local elections
municipal elections
Parliamentary election
Congressional elections
Presidential elections
by-election
election campaign
to hold election
to conduct election
election address
election manifesto
election pledges
election results
to falsify the election results
5. electorate
6. elector
voter
7. to nominate smb.
to nominate smb. as a candidate for
to propose smb. as a candidate
to put forward a candidate
8. nomination
9. nomination paper
10. electoral deposit
11. to disqualify
12. vote
to give a vote for
to vote by post
to vote by roll-call
to vote by secret ballot
to vote by proxy
to authorize smb. to vote
13. voting
compulsory voting
voluntary voting
to obtain from voting
voting paper
voting age
14. constituency
15. polling station
16. a register of electors
electoral list
17. majority system
18. proportional representation system
19. run for a post
20. educational qualification
21.
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