 |
Business documents. Fields of business
|
|
|
|
PART 2
BUSINESS DOCUMENTS
UNIT 1
Text 1.
FIELDS of BUSINESS
Business is the word that is commonly used in different languages. But exactly what does it mean? Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today one of the possible definitions of business is production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
First, production is creation of services or changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the factory to the market place. This is known as distribution.
Third is sale of goods and services. Sale is exchange of products or services for money. Goods are products that people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities that people or groups perform for other people or organizations. For example, an auto mechanic performs services when he repairs a car.
Business, then, is а combination of аll these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one more important factor. This factor is creation of profit or economic surplus. А major goal in functioning of а business is making profit. Profit is а difference between the price charged for an item and the cost of the item to the seller: profit = price – cost.
In business, profit is most frequently considered in terms of net or retained profit. This is the amount of money left over at the end of the financial year when аll the expenses are paid: net profit = revenue – total costs.
Revenue is sometimes referred to as а turnover, sales, or income. It refers to the total sales over а period of time (often а month or а year). It can be expressed as: revenue = price x quantity.
So, the price charged multiplied by the number of units sold over а period of time is the total sales value, or revenue.
Profit, contrary to а popular belief, is rarely used “to line the pockets” of the owners of а business. It is used instead for reinvestments, buying of new machinery, and improving of the future prospects of the enterprise.
Business is an increasingly important activity throughout the world today. Consequently, the opportunities for a business career have grown in variety and number. Originally the word “career” meant “road” or “path”; today it means a “progress through life” or a “job path”. There are four broad fields, or areas, of business that offer exciting careers: management, marketing, accounting, and finance. Within each of these fields there are specific jobs in which one can specialize. For example, within the field of marketing one can specialize in market research, advertising, buying, selling, or distributing. The table below shows general career opportunities that are available in the various fields of business.
|
|
|
Business Fields and Careers:
| Management general manager production manager personnel manager | Marketing researcher advertiser distributor | Accounting bookkeeper private accountant public accountant | Finance banker financial analyst stockbroker |
Jobs in businesses and offices range from administration to general clerical work. These jobs exist in both small and large companies. Some typical occupations are cashier, purchasing agent, typist, and complaint clerk. This cluster includes word processing, accounting and financial detail, management, personnel, and materials and product handling. Although most jobs are done indoors, mail carriers and material handlers often work outside. A lot of occupations – managers, accountants, analysts – require higher education, others like secretaries and clerks – at least secondary school.
In choosing a business career, there are several questions one may want to ask. Firstly, does the work interest you? Are there any areas of business for which you have an aptitude or special capability? What are the opportunities involved, such as salary, a chance for advancement, and demand for the job? Answers to these questions and careful planning will help you to choose a successful career in business.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word-combinations:
surplus – (неразподілений) прибуток;
to charge а price – призначати ціну;
retained profit – неразподілений прибуток;
revenue – валовий прибуток, річний прибуток;
total costs – загальні витрати;
turnover – оберт, оборачиваемость (капиталу);
total sales – загальний обсяг продажу;
to line the pockets – привласнити.
Task 2. Answer the questions on the text:
1. What is the traditional definition of business?
2. What is one of the modern definitions of business?
3. What areas and activities does business embrace?
4. What does production involve? Give examples: а) from the text; b) of your own.
5. What does sale mean?
6. Can we consider services as goods?
7. What is the most important factor in business?
8. Whatis profit?
9. How can companies dispose of their profits?
10. What are the principal fields of business?
Task 3. Substitute the following definitions with the words listed below:
Business, revenue, goods, distribution, services, marketplace, net profit, production, price, a business.
1) money charged for an itemof goods;
2) commercial company;
3) producing, buying, and selling of goods and services for profit;
4) manufacturing of raw materials into finished products;
5) money left over when all expenses are paid;
6) products that people either need or want to purchase;
7) movement of finished products from the factory tothe marketplace;
8) public place where people buy and sell goods;
9) activities that people or groups perform for other peopleororganizations;
10) income received during a particular period.
|
|
|
