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Guide. word study. The roots of the conflicts in the midlle East. and in Northern Ireland. Pre-reading task
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GUIDE
WORD STUDY
I. Which definitions below correspond to the following words:
a. ramification b. hostage taking c. outrage d. a democracy e. to hijack
f. law enforcement agencies g. to kidnap
1. to use violence or threats to take control of a vehicle, especially a plane, in order to force it to travel to a
different place or to demand sth from a government
2. to take sb away illegally and keep them as a prisoner, especially in order to get money or sth else for
returning them.
3. one of the large number of complicated and unexpected results that follow an action or a decision
4. a person who is captured and held prisoner by a person or group, and who may be injured or killed if people
do not do what the person or group is asking
5. a department that makes sure people obey a particular law or a rule
6. country which has the system of government in which all people can vote to elect their representatives
7. an act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and that shocks people or makes them very angry
II. Find synonyms in the article to the following words:
1. cruelty
2. to commit a crime
3. different
4. search for
5. to fight
III. Fill in the necessary prepositions:
- The Jacobins inspired terror ……… the citizens ……… wielding state power.
- One important characteristic …. modern terrorism is its quest ….. spectacular horror effects …. …. to attract media coverage.
- Hence, terrorist organizations strive …… political status, while governments seek to treat terrorists as common criminals.
- They promised to deny terrorist suspects entry ……. their countries, to bring …… close cooperation ………. the police and security forces in their countries, toplace strict restrictions ….. diplomatic missions suspected ….. being involved …. terrorism, and to cooperate …… a number of other ways.
- The choice of New York City's World Trade Center ….. the site of a terrorist bomb …..
1993 was presumed to have been made …… similar reasons.
IV. Match the words on the left with their definitions in the right column:
1. clandestine a. resistance
2. insurgency b. ties
3. underground c. warfare
4. to publicize d. movements
5. logistical e. ideologies
6. divergent f. a cause
V. Translate from Russian into English using the words from the article:
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- Террористы используют любые средства для достижения своих политических целей.
- Вопросы, связанные с терроризмом внутри страны, решаются правоохранительными органами и службами безопасности.
- Они преднамеренно убивают гражданское население, чтобы запугать правительство, что является характерной чертой современного терроризма.
- Чтобы расстроить планы террористов, правительства многих стран разрабатывают международные мероприятия для борьбы с этим неискоренимым злом.
- Жестокие террористические акты такие как, захват школ с детьми и учителями в качестве заложников, вторжение в больницы, культурные центры, совершаются для того, чтобы отрыто заявить о своих мотивах и привлечь внимание средств массовой информации.
VI. Give the list of the words that are related with terrorism.
VII. Fill in the chart with derivatives to the words:
| ADJECTIVE | NOUN | VERB |
| To deter | ||
| Suspicion | ||
| Punishable | ||
| To apprehend | ||
| Drama | ||
| Public | ||
| To convene | ||
| To extradite | ||
| outrage |
VIII. Give at least 15 word combinations that go with the word terrorism or terrorist. For example: terrorist activity, modern terrorism……
COMPREHENSION
I. Explain the following:
- conduct a ‘reign of terror’
- let loose upon public
- logistical ties
- to dramatize the international ramifications of terrorism
- the province of local law enforcement agencies
- law enforcement officials tend to give foreign fugitives from justice a low priority.
II. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the four aspects of the notion of terrorism?
2. Can underground resistance movement during World War II be referred to terrorism? Why?
3. What are the main characteristics of the modern terrorism?
4. Whose province is the domestic terrorism?
5. What is done to combat international terrorism?
6. Why do you think prevention of terrorism outages is more important than deterrence?
FOLLOW-UP
Recollect terrorist acts which have been performed in different parts of the world for the last 2-3 years. It may be Spain, Turkey, England, Russia, India. etc.
THE ROOTS OF THE CONFLICTS IN THE MIDLLE EAST
AND IN NORTHERN IRELAND
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THE MIDDLE EAST CRISIS
PRE-READING TASK
- How long has the conflict lasted in the Middle East?
- What are the causes of it?
- Do you think they can be worked out if the international community interferes in them?
On 11th March 1978 two commando boats containing eleven Palestinian terrorists landed on the Israeli coast, midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa. Armed with grenades, explosives, and anti-tank missiles, they captured a bus full of weekend trippers, and drove fifty kilometres along the highway, shooting at passing cars. A police blockade stopped them, and in the shoot-out which followed they blew up the bus. Thirty-nine people were killed in the raid, many of them young children.
In swift retaliation, Israeli planes swooped on Palestinian bases in southern Lebanon. -Many
civilians as well as active terrorists were killed by the Israeli bombs. The Israeli Prime Minister, Menachim Begin, called the Palestine terrorists 'a gang of murderers' and 'the darkest force of reaction in the contemporary world'. These incidents are part of the long campaign waged by the Palestinians against Israel. The roots of this campaign lie in the events following the Second World War. The creation of Israel in 1948 provided a permanent homeland for the Jews, six million of whom had been murdered by the Nazis during the war. But the founding of the new state in ancient Palestine involved the expulsion of three-quarters of a million Palestinians from their homeland. The Palestinians became refugees in nearby countries -Syria, Jordan, Lebanon. The Jewish people had found their homeland, but the Palestinians had lost theirs. This is the heart of the 'middle east problem'.
In the poverty of their refugee camps, Palestinian children learned of the fate of their people. Many grew up determined to fight to regain the lost territory. At first they relied on the Arab states, who were also hostile to Israel. But in 1967, Israel won a war against the Arabs in only six days. Israel occupied new territory in Gaza and the west bank of the River Jordan, bringing a further half million Palestinians under foreign rule. In this climate, Palestine militants intensified their terrorist campaign against Israel.
The terrorists are divided into several factions. Most belong to the Palestine Liberation Organization (P. L. O. ), an 'umbrella' grouping with many agencies under its control. It wants to create an independent Palestine state on present Israeli territory. Within the P. L. O.., the main terrorist arm is Al Fatah. Members of Al Fatah – the ‘Black September’ group athletes at the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972. Al Fatah is the largest Palestinian terrorist group, but there are many others. The P. F. L. P., formed in 1967, is an extreme left-wing group which has been involved in some of the bloodiest operations of the war. They have taken the struggle beyond the middle east, co-operating with terrorists from Germany, Japan, and Turkey. Many foreign terrorists have trained in Palestinian camps in Jordan and Lebanon.
Violence and the middle east seem inseparable. A bloody war between Christians and Muslims in Lebanon in 1975-6 cost 60, 000 lives. The treaty signed between Israel, Egypt and the U. S. A. in 1979 hopes to bring peace to the whole region, but the Palestinians reject this treaty and brand Sadat, the Egyptian leader, as a 'traitor'. The Israelis refuse to negotiate with, or even recognize, the Palestinian organizations. In an atmosphere of mutual hatred and mistrust, the prospects for an end to the conflict seem bleak. [10, p43-46]
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NORTHERN IRELAND: THE I. R. A.
For over ten years a bloody conflict has dominated life in Northern Ireland. In this small country of one and a half million people, 2, 000 have been killed and thousands more injured. Terrorist groups from the Protestant and Catholic communities are fighting each other and the British Army. The victims include children and ordinary civilians as well as soldiers and policemen. Political violence has become a constant threat to life and property in Northern Ireland.
Such violence has ancient roots. In the Elizabethan age, Irish clans resisted the expansion of English colonizers beyond the 'pale' - the area around Dublin. In the late eighteenth century rival secret societies -
Catholic 'Whiteboys' and Protestant 'Defenders' - fought over land and religious issues. Irish guerrilla forces were active in the 'war of independence' against British rule from 1919 to 1921.
This war won freedom for the twenty-six southern Counties of Ireland. But the six counties of Northern Ireland - or 'Ulster' - remained within the U. K. The majority of the population there- were Protestants. The remaining half million people were Catholics, and resented their inferior position in the new state.
The I. R. A. began as a movement, to win independence for the whole of Ireland in 1916. Their campaigns in the 1930s and 1950s to bring Ulster into union with the rest of Ireland failed because of lack of' support from the Catholics. In the 1970s, however, the reunited their campaign, A 'civil rights' movement among the Catholics in Northern Ireland in the late 1960s, as an attempt to achieve equality with their Protestant neighbours. Many Protestants reacted violently to its programme of marches and demonstrations. Street-battles escalated into open warfare between sectarian mobs, with the Ulster police - the Royal Ulster Constabulary (R. U. C. ) and the 'B-Specials' - backing the Protestants in an unequal struggle. In August 1969, after nearly a year of violence, the British Army was called in as a peace-keeping force.
The I. R. A. split into two factions in 1970. The, 'Official' I. R. A. favoured political as well as military action, and had a Marxist outlook. The newer 'Provisional' I. R. A. was the larger group, more militaristic in its ideology, and was determined to fight, both the Protestants and British forces. The 'Proves' waged a major campaign in the early 1970s, killing prison officers and policemen, civilians and soldiers.
In one incident in July 1972 nine bombs planted in Belfast’s city centre killed eleven people and injured many others. Both I. R. A factions have carried the war to England.
There was widespread condemnation of the I. R. A. bomb attacks on 27th August 1979 in which Earl Mountbatten lost his life, and seventeen soldiers were killed on the border.
An extreme breakaway group of sixty terrorists called the Irish National Liberation Army (I. N. L. A. ), formed in 1974, has also been active in England. In April 1979 they killed Airey Neave, Conservative spokesman on Ulster, with a car bomb planted in the House of Commons' car park. In the same year the I. N. L. A. was declared an illegal organization by the British Government.
Protestant terrorists have also caused many deaths - the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Ulster Freed Fighters have murdered over 200 Catholics since 1972. The I. R. A. suffered great losses in 1976 and1977, but in the following year they began to organize their forces into smaller and more effective units. With safe havens in the Irish Republic supplies of weapons and money from sympathises Irish terrorists have the resources to prolong their struggles. [10, p48-52]
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GUIDE
WORD STUDY
I. Match the words on the left with their definitions in the right column:
1. The expulsion a. peace
2. To regain b. the lost territories
3. To intensify c. hatred
4. To bring d. groupings
5. Mutual e. campaign
6. Umbrella f. world
7. To wage g. a bomb
8. Contemporary h. mob
9. To plant i. of Palestinians
10. Sectarian j. terrorist campaign
II. Give antonyms to the following words using negative prefixes:
- to trust
- separate
- dependent
- active
- reliable
- recognizable
III. Fill in the necessary prepositions:
1. In swift retaliation, Israeli planes swooped ….. Palestinian bases …….. southern
Lebanon.
2. They have taken the struggle ………. the middle east, co-operating ….. terrorists ………Germany, Japan, and Turkey.
3. At first they relied ….. the Arab states, who were also hostile … Israel.
4. Their campaigns in the 1930s and 1950s to bring Ulster …. union ….. the rest of
Ireland failed … … lack of' support …. the Catholics.
5. A 'civil rights' movement …… the Catholics in Northern Ireland ….. the late 1960s,
as an attempt to achieve equality …… their Protestant neighbours.
6. The I. R. A. split ….. two factions in 1970.
IV. Fill in the chart with derivatives to the given words:
| ADJECTIVE | NOUN | VERB |
| To retaliate | ||
| Murder | ||
| Expulsion | ||
| Civil | ||
| To militarize | ||
| Poor | ||
| traitor | ||
| To condemn | ||
| Rival | ||
| Sympathy | ||
| To expend |
V. Find the words in the articles that are close in meaning to the following words:
1. modern
2. to seize
3. to kill
4. shelter
5. to continue
6. to support
7. revenge
8. crowd
9. hopeless
10. to raid
11. opposed to
12. to heighten
VI. The following words are quite formal, try to find more informal ones that
correspond to them:
1. to reject
2. to explode
3. to capture
4. to swoop
5. to create
6. to regain
7. to become
8. to escalate
9. to intensify
VII. Differentiate the following synonyms:
- to prolong, to expand, to extend, to stretch, to enlarge
- civil, civic, civilian
- rival, competitive
- retaliation, revenge, vengeance
- to renew, to resume, to revive
VIII Translate from Russian into English using your active vocabulary:
1. Бомба, заложенная в здании посольства, была обезврежена в течение часа, а эвакуированные служащие вернулись к работе.
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2. Исламские террористы не хотели брать на себя ответственность за тер акт в США в надежде избежать возмездия со стороны американцев.
3. В ответ на изгнание со своих исконных земель Палестинцы начали
кампанию по уничтожению мирного Израильского населения с целью возврата своих потерянных территорий.
4. Враждебная политика по отношению к Израилю не привела в конечном итоге к мирному урегулированию политического конфликта, а способствовала разжиганию ненависти между двумя народами.
5. Международная общественность порицает действия как Израильских
военных, так и Палестинских террористов.
6. В ходе конфликта между Северной Ирландией и Великобританией уличные столкновения постепенно переросли в открытые военные действия между отдельными фанатически настроенными группировками.
7. Война на Севере Ирландии будет продолжаться до тех пор, пока террористы будут получать материальную помощь в виде оружия и деньги от сторонников террористов.
IX. Find the definitions of these organizations in a monolingual dictionary.
I. R. A ULSTER VOLUNTEER FORCE ULSTER FREED FIGHTERS
IRISH NATIONAL LEBERATION ARMY (I. N. L. A)
ROYAL ULSTER CONSTABULARY
WHITEBOYS CATHOLIC DEFENDERS
X. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
| Word | Definition |
| 1. A traitor | A. using, or willing to use, force or strong pressure to achieve your aims, especially to achieve social or political change: |
| 2. Militant | B a person who gives away secrets about their friends, their country, etc: |
| 3. Hostile | C. to describe sb as being sth bad or unpleasant, especially unfairly |
| 4. To brand | D. very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight |
| 5. To regain | E. a person who is not a member of the armed forces or the police |
| 6. A civilian | F. to get back sth you no longer have, especially an ability or a quality |
| 7. Clan | G. a member of a small group of soldiers who are not part of an official army and who fight against official soldiers, usually to try to change the government |
| 8. guerilla | H. not encouraging or giving any reason to have hope: (of a situation) |
| 9. Bleak | I. a group of families who are related to each other, especially in Scotland |
COMPREHENSION
I. Explain the following expressions taken from the articles:
1. Resist the expansion of English colonizers beyond ‘the pale’.
2. Catholic ‘White boys’.
3. To resent the inferior position
4. A ‘civil rights’ movement.
5. To escalate into open warfare
6. Umbrella grouping
7. An extreme breakaway group
8. safe havens
9. weekend trippers
10. swift retaliation
II. Find the answers to the following questions in both articles.
- Under what circumstances was Israel created?
- What was the reaction of the Palestinian people to the formation of this state on their territory? Can you understand these people?
- What kind of terrorist groups exist on the Palestinian land/
- Are there any prospects for solving this conflict? Try to give your arguments.
- What are the roots of the conflict in Northern Ireland?
- Do these two conflicts have anything in common? How are they different?
- What did the ‘War of Independence ‘ give to the Irish people?
- What were the goals of the I. R. A at the very beginning of its formation?
- Why did they fail to bring Ulster into Union?
- Why are their actions condemned by the whole world and the majority of the Irish people?
FOLLOW-UP
Discuss in groups of 3 or 4 the situation in the Middle East and Northern Ireland.
Include the following points:
a) they are both fighting for the lost territories
b) they want a better life for their people
c) they use all methods to achieve their goals
d) they are considered to be patriots by some groups of the population
e) today’s terrorists can be tomorrow’s heroes, can’t they? Give examples if you know.
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