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Exercises. Supplementary tasks.
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Exercises
1) Find terms in the text that have the following Russian equivalents.
интегральная схема, полупроводниковый лазер, ширина запрещенной зоны, высокочастотный малошумящий усилитель, коэффициент помех, электронная лампа, хранение оптических данных, светодиод, двумерный электронный газ, эффект квантования холловского сопротивления, квантовая проводимость, одномерный канал, точечно-контактный выпрямитель, квантовая точка, полупроводниковая гетероструктура, печатная плата, составной полупроводник, устройство считывания штрих-кода
2) The text contains many sentences connected with various technological discoveries and their importance. Fill in the gaps.
a) The rapid development of ____ really started with the invention of the ___around 1960 and the ___ in the 1970s.
b) ___ have been crucially important for the development of ___.
c) The invention of the ___ just before Christmas 1947 is usually taken to mark the start of the development of modern semiconductor technology.
d) The ___ is more of a technical invention than a discovery in physics.
e) The___ is still, after 40 years, in a dynamic phase of development with no sign of flagging.
f) Robert Noyce’s company had played the leading role in the development of information technology, with the ___ as a cornerstone.
3) Answer the questions.
a) What does information technology comprise?
b) How did the rapid development of electronic computer technology begin?
c) What is “Moore’s law”?
d) What inventions play a decisive part in modern telecommunications technology?
e) What is the band gap?
f) What is a heterostructured semiconductor? What specific property of a heterostructured semiconductor is exploited in a variety of devices? Enumerate these devices.
g) How have heterostructures been used in scientific research?
h) In what way is a heterotransistor superior to a conventional one?
i) What did Zhores I. Alferov succeed in producing? What did his discoveries and inventions lead to?
j) How did the transistor revolutionize the 20th century technology?
k) Who demonstrated the practical possibility of an integrated circuit?
l) Why did the development of the integrated circuit prompt enormous investment in research and development in solid state physics?
m) Which simple yet revolutionary technological gadget, among Jack S. Kilby’s other inventions, received great success?
4) Translate the sentences into Russian.
a) It is this property of heterostructures that can be exploited in a number of different ways.
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b) Alferov was the first to succeed in producing a lattice-adapted heterostructure with clear borders between the layers.
c) c) The invention of the transistor just before Christmas 1947 is usually taken to mark the start of the development of modern semiconductor technology.
d) As early as the beginning of the 1950s there were ideas and thoughts about manufacturing transistors, resistors and condensers in a composite semiconductor block, an integrated circuit.
e) Ten years were to pass from the invention of the transistor before the technology involved had matured sufficiently to allow the various elements to be fabricated in one and the same basic material and in one piece.
Supplementary tasks.
5) Read the text about integrated circuits and find information concerning the following points to give a brief talk on them:
a) Other names of monolithic integrated circuits.
b) Active and passive components of integrated circuits.
c) General structure.
d) A hybrid integrated circuit.
e) Examples of present and prospective applications of ICs.
f) Devices before the invention of ICs.
g) Advantages and problems of modern ICs and reasons for them.
h) The competition goal of manufacturers.
i) Classification; examples and principles which their work is based on.
j) The main steps of fabricating ICs and processes which these steps are supplemented by.
k) The evolution of ICs: SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, WSI, SOC, FPGA
(Decipher the abbreviations and describe them).
A monolithic integrated circuit (also known as IC, microchip, silicon chip, computer chip or chip ) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a dielectric substrate or circuit board.
Integrated Circuits can be found in almost every electronic device today. Anything, from a common wristwatch to a personal computer has Integrated Circuits in it. There are circuits that control almost everything, as simple as a temperature control in a common iron or a clock in a microwave oven. This has made a major difference in how we operate electronic items. Not only does it make electronic items simpler to use, for example, on most microwave ovens now, you have preset controls for different settings. Now you can push a button and it will automatically set the time for defrosting an item or popping popcorn.
In the future, Integrated circuits may even be used for medical purposes. For example, Research has been going on since the late 1980s in which they are trying to develop a computer chip that can be attached to the brain to repair different types of brain damage. With this kind of link, they would be able to repair some kinds of blindness or even memory loss from brain damage.
Only a half-century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits can be found everywhere. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now entangled parts of the structure of modern technological societies. In other words, modern computing, communications, manufacturing, and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the existence of integrated circuits. Indeed, many scholars believe that the digital revolution that is based on integrated circuits is one of the most significant developments in the history of mankind.
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Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-twentieth-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.
There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed one transistor at a time. Performance is high, because the components are small, close together, switch quickly, and consume little power. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square millimeters (mm2) to around 250 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2.
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