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LANGUAGE IN USE. 1. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские предложения, обращая особое внимание на словосочетания со словом “legal”.
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LANGUAGE IN USE
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1. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские предложения, обращая особое внимание на словосочетания со словом “legal”.
1. To the rest of the world the English legal profession is very strange because historically there were two types of lawyers: barristers and solicitors.
2. Every legal system has many shortcomings.
3. Criminal charges and divorce are normally seen as matters needing legal help and advice.
4. Not every accident victim has a legal remedy. Some accidents are nobody’s fault.
5. There is a large information gap in people’s awareness of their legal rights.
6. Such legal knowledge as people had came largely from newspapers and television.
7. The new Community Legal Service aims to provide legal information as well as legal advice and representation.
8. Newspapers regularly carry frightening stories about losers in legal actions who face bills of tens of thousands of pounds.
9. Legal costs of the lowest income group are paid by the state.
10. Legal aid is usually granted as long as financial test is satisfied.
2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их правильное произношение по-английски, и переведите их на русский язык: а) словом с тем же корнем; б) в значении, в котором они встречаются в тексте.
advocate, licensed, clients, jurisdiction, specialization, profession, qualification, training, examinations, office, type, business, contracts, audience, normally, options, career, private, civil, criminal, faculty, college, dissertation, prosecutor, arbitrator, professor, politician.
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.
TEXT 3
LEGAL PROFESSIONS
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A lawyeris a person learned in the law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients.
The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment and field of specialization.
In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work.
In England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work.
Many solicitors deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers; making wills.
Barristers are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court. Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts.
The educational requirements to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J. D. (Jurist Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) (as opposed to the Bachelor of Laws) as the practitioner's law degree. However, like other professional doctorates, the J. D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D. ), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research.
The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).
In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician.
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In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained.
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