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4. Match the words and their definitions.
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4. Match the words and their definitions.
People who are:
| 1. independent | a. do not talk a lot |
| 2. honest | b. don’t cheat other people |
| 3. shrewd | c. have strong ideas about what is right and what is wrong |
| 4. realistic | d. use money and other things carefully |
| 5. untalkative | e. see things as they really are |
| 6. thrifty | f. don’t let other people cheat them |
| 7. principled | g. do things themselves instead of asking others for help |
5. Match the parts.
| 1. New England is the part of the United States | a. who objected to the rituals of the Church of England. |
| 2. The New England Yankee has a distinct character, | b. that is most like ‘old ‘ England. |
| 3. The Puritans were a religious group | c. many of which still exist. |
| 4. The stones were used for walls, | d. the strongest supporters of independence. |
| 5. The Yankee character may partly explain the specific role | e. shaped in part by the history and geography of the region.. |
| 6. Yankees were among | f. to end slavery in America. |
| 7. New England Yankees led the movement | g. that New England has played in United States history. |
6. Read the text “The Cowboy” and discuss the following topics.
· What are your impressions of cowboys and cowboy life?
· In the 1870s and 1880s many adventurous young men from the east of the United States and from other countries went west to become cowboys. Would you have wanted to do this? Why or why not?
The Cowboy
People’s imagines of the cowboy don’t quite fit the reality. For example, people often think of all cowboys as white Americans. Actually, the first cowboys were Mexican; many cowboy customs began in Mexico. There were also black cowboys – often ex-slaves freed by the Civil War – and Indian cowboys. People also forget that the cowboy’s main job was to take care of cows and to get them to market. The cowboy’s life, although full of adventure, was hard and often boring.
In the mid-1860s, Texas cattle ranchers found that in other states, like Kansas, they could get ten times as much money for their cattle. This is how cattle drives got started. On the drives, cowboys took the cattle along trails from Texas up to Kansas and even further north.
The cattle of different owners grazed together in open grasslands. They were branded, or marked with their owner’s symbol. When it was time for drive, the cowboys would round up the cattle that had the right brand. Brands were also meant to discourage rustlers, or cattle thieves; cattle owners chose brands that would be hard to change.
On the trail, cowboys worked from before sunup to after sundown. At night they took turns guarding the cattle. One constant danger was the stampede: A change in weather or unexpected noise was enough to make the cattle run.
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The era of the cattle drive – the real era of cowboy – lasted only about twenty years. As more land was fenced in, cattle could no longer graze freely. There were also too many cattle. By the late 1880s, some cattle trails were actually crowded.
Today, there are still cattle ranchers and cowboys. The work in many ways remains the same. But with fences and modern machines, a lot has changed. Even cattle rustlers now use planes and helicopters!
Useful words:
| adventure boring brand cattle cattle drive cow crowded custom danger discourage ex-slaves freed fence grasslands graze helicopter imagine owner ranchers round up rustlers stampede take care of thief (thieves) to fit trail unexpected | приключение скучный выжигать клеймо крупный рогатый скот гонка скота корова переполненный обычай опасность обескураживать бывшие освобожденные рабы забор пастбища пасти вертолет представления, образ собственник «ранчеро» сгонять человек, занимающийся кражей и клеймением скота паническое бегство ухаживать вор (воры) соответствовать проложить путь неожиданный |
WRITING PRACTICE
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Newspaper personalities
1. Look at the names below. These are the names of the Americans who contributed much to the development of American journalism and press. Do these names sound familiar to you? If they do, say a few words about these people:
· Benjamin Franklin;
· Joseph Pulitzer;
· Nellie Bly;
· Dorothy Day.
2. Read the entries on these newspaper personalities from cultural dictionaries and encyclopedias. In 2-3 sentences, describe the contribution of each person to the development of American journalism.
Franklin, Benjamin Father of American journalism. Benjamin Franklin personifies the spirit of American independence and enterprise. The " father of American journalism, " he had a career that progressed from an apprenticeship at the age of 12 in the print shop of his brother James in Boston to editor and publisher of the most successful and prosperous newspaper and publishing operation in the colonies…
… In 1729, he established his own widely circulated Pennsylvania Gazette and in 1732, the first foreign-language newspaper, the Philadelphia Zeitung; in 1741, he founded the General Magazine, one of the first magazines in the colonies.
Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911). Джозеф Пулитцер. Издатель, журналист. Владелец и издатель ряда газет. В 1903 г. завещал свое состояние на создание Школы журналистики при Колумбийском университете (Columbia U) (открыта в 1912), и учреждение премии за лучшие произведения в области журналистики, литературы и музыки.
Bly Nellie (Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman; 1867-1922), journalist. Bly took her pen name from Stephen Foster's song of the same name. A women's rights activist, she began her newspaper writing career at age eighteen. Known for her boldness and desire for firsthand experience in her writing, she once intentionally got herself arrested so she could write about treatment of women prisoners. In 1889 her newspaper sent her around the world to beat Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days record; she made it in seventy-two days.
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Дороти Дей (Dorothy Day (1897-1980)) – журналистка, реформатор. В 1914 г. вступила в Социалистическую партию (Socialist party), позднее в организацию " ИРМ" «Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)». Работала в газетах в Нью-Йорке, Чикаго и Новом Орлеане. В 1933 г. совместно с католиком французского происхождения П. Мореном организовала журнал радикального направления " Католик уоркер" (Catholic Worker). Позднее выступала за запрещение ядерного оружия. Неоднократно подвергалась судебным преследованиям.
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