 |
Phrases & word combinations to the text
|
|
|
|
PHRASES & WORD COMBINATIONS TO THE TEXT
1. to deliver - доставить, вручить
2. to require - требовать
3. peat - торф
4. shale - глинистый сланец
5. to convert - превращать, конвертировать
6. fuel -топливо, горючее
7. pipeline - трубопровод, нефтепровод
8. conveyor - конвейер
9. to unload - разгружать, выгружать; разряжать (оружие)
10. storage - хранение, склад, хранилище
11. furnace - печка, очаг, горн, тонко
12. powder - порошок, пудра, порох
13. to crush - давить, мять, уничтожать, толочь
14. to pulverize - растирать в порошок, распылять
15. to blow, blew, blown - дуть
16. to attain - достигать
17. complete - полный, законченный, совершенный
18. combustion - сгорание
19. fan - вентилятор, веер
20. exhauster - вытяжной вентилятор, эксгаузер, пылесос
21. smoke stacks - дымовые трубы, выхлопные трубы
22. to drive, drove, driven - управлять, править
23. to join - соединять(-ся), присоединять(-ся), вступать
24. to supervise - смотреть, наблюдать
25. to monitor - контролировать, управлять
26. forced - принудительный
27. forced air fans - принудительная воздушная вентиляция
EXERCISES
TASK 1. Answer the questions:
1. Where are hydroelectric stations located? _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What stations produce about 80 per cent of the required electric power? _______
__________________________________________________________________
3. What fuel do they work on? _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. What kinds of fuel do you know? _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. How is gas delivered? ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. How are solid fuels delivered? _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. In what form is the solid fuel burnt? ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Why is a large volume of air needed for burning solid fuels? ________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. What is used for this purpose? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
|
|
|
10. What are generators fed by? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. What does the kinetic energy of the steam do with the blades of the turbine?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What does a centralized control desk do? ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Why are there only a few operators at such electrical, plants? _______________
__________________________________________________________________
TASK 2. Give Russian equivalents:
to deliver
to require
to convert
to load
to inload
to crush
to pulverize
to attain
to drive
to join
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
to supervise
to monitor
to force
peat
shale
pipeline
storage
furnace
powder
combustion
fan
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ _______________________________
TASK 3. Translate into Russian:
optimum process
correct choice
interior part
wide application
power input
continuous operation
voltage transformer
initial conditions
moderate temperature
blast furnace
raw materials
heat treatment
current of air
high-power turbine-generator
high-pressure
waste pipes
limited energy
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
mass production
forced air fans
exhauster fans
smoke stacks
__________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
TASK 4. Fill the gaps: " to convert", " to crush", " to pulverize", " to burn", " to blow", " to unload", " to feed", " to supervise", " to bring", " to monitor".
1. Thermal electrical plants _______________solid fuels and gas.
2. The energy of solid fuels and gas is __________________ to electrical energy.
3. Solid fuels are ________________ by conveyors and cranes.
4. Solid fuels are ____________, ____________, and __________ to the furnace.
5. Generators are ___________ by the huge amount of high pressure, high temperature steam.
|
|
|
6. A centralized control desk _________________and ______________ the plant.
7. Electrical energy is __________________ to various parts of the nearest region.
TASK 5. Choose the correct variants:
1. Thermal electrical plants produce _____________________________________
a)a limited volume of electrical energy;
b)a large volume of electical energy.
2. Thermal electrical plants are _________________________________________
a)the main producer of electrical energy;
b)not the main producer of electrical energy.
3. Solid fuels are more effective in ______________________________________
a)the form of powder;
b)not in the form of powder.
4. Generators are fed by ______________________________________________
a) gas;
b) high temperature steam.
5. The blades of the turbine rotate ______________________________________
a)the generator shaft;
b)its shaft.
TASK 6. Give Russian explanations to the next terms:
wattmeter -
__________________________________________________________________
galvanometer -
__________________________________________________________________
Ohmmeter –
__________________________________________________________________
1. An instrument for measuring the strength of electric current.
2. An instrument connected to an electric circuit and measuring the power delivered to the circuit in watts.
3. An instrument for measuring resistance in ohms.
electric current –
__________________________________________________________________
direct current -
__________________________________________________________________
alternating current –
__________________________________________________________________
continuous current –
__________________________________________________________________
1. A current which always flows in one and the same direction.
2. A current which periodically alternates or reverses in direction.
3. A flow of passage of elictricity along an electric circuit, usually measured in amperes.
circuit breaker-
__________________________________________________________________
controller –
_________________________________________________________________
control power switch -
__________________________________________________________________
line switch –
__________________________________________________________________
1. A device for opening or closing a circuit, either by hand or automatically, in the case of an overload.
2. A device for controlling an electric machine or a circuit (a controller device).
voltage balance relay –
__________________________________________________________________
emergency direct current relay –
__________________________________________________________________
current balance relay –
__________________________________________________________________
impedance relay –
__________________________________________________________________
1. A device used to interrupt a direct-current power circuit under emergency conditions.
2. A relay which operates on a difference of voltage between two circuits.
TASK 7. Give a short summary of the text.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASK 8. Give annotation of the text.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|
|
|
TEXT 10
THE ATOMIC POWER PLANT
Industry depends on power. The industrial development of the last 200 years has been based primarily on the exploitation of coal and later of oil. In some parts of the world the force of flowing water has been used to generate electricity.
Now a new fuel and a new source of power is put to the service of mankind. The fuel is uranium and the source of power is atomic power.
Nuclear power plants offer a new means of making power available in regions where the cost of transport is nearing its economic limits. One of the great advantages of atomic power stations is the fact they can be built in the very region where power is to be used. As a result long electric transmission lines become unnecessary. The atomic power plant is a typical steam power installation with the electricity generated by a steam turbine operated by water converted into steam as a result of uranium fission.
The principal components of the power plant equipment are:
A. The nuclear reactor.
B. The heat exchanger in which the steam is produced.
C. The steam turbine.
The power plant has two main water circulation circuits: first — between the reactor and the steam exchanger for transferring heat and second — between the steam exchanger and the turbine for producing steam to drive the turbine.
The scientists have designed a few types of reactors. The reactors will operate with a mixture of natural and enriched uranium. Atomic power stations are advantageous because of their low fuel consumption. If the capacity of an atomic power station is assumed to be one million kilowatts and its efficiency 25 per cent, only about 500 kg of fuel will be required to ensure the operation of the reactors for 24 hours. Atomic power plants will meet the ever-increasing demand for power by using a new source of energy, a source allowing the great industrial systems to continue hundreds — even thousands of years beyond the time when the conventional sources of power will have been exhausted.
Britain's first atomic station has begun to generate poweri in 1956. It supplies atomic power instead of eleoric power for' industrial purposes over a large area. Yet the station designed to generate great amounts of cheap electricity is known to produce large quantities of plutonium, a basic material for military purposes. It was reported that in Great Britain atomic power stations ranging from 20, 000 to 300, 000 kw were being designed. The total capacity of the stations was expected to be increased to 1, 5-2 million kilowatts by 1965. Britain is supossed to stop the building of steam power stations and to go over entirely to atomic stations.
Atomic power plants are modern installations. They consist of several main units and a great numbers of auxiliary ones.
In a nuclear reactor uranium is utilized as a fuel. During operation process powerful heat and radioactive radiation are produced. The nuclear reactor is cooled by water circulatoin. Cooling water circulates through a system of tubes, in which the water is heated to a temperature of 250-300°C. In order to prevent boiling of water, it passes into the reactor at a pressure up to 150 atmospheres.
A steam generator includes a series of heat exchangers comprising tubes. The water heated in the reactor is delivered into the heat exchanger tubes. The water to be converted into steam flows outside these tubes. The steam produced is fed into the turbogenerator.
|
|
|
Besides, an atomic power plant comprises a common turbogenerator, a steam condenser with circulating water and a switchboard.
Atomic power plants have their advantages as well as disadvantages. Their reactors and steam generators operate noiselessly; the atmosphere is not polluted by dust and smoke.
|
|
|
