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Phrases & word combinations to the text
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PHRASES & WORD COMBINATIONS TO THE TEXT
1. power plants - электростанции
2. generate - производить, порождать
3. generator - генератор
4. comprise - охватывать, заключить в себе
5. prime - главный, основной
6. mover - двигатель, движитель
7. to rotate - вращать(-ся)
8. to actuate - побуждать
9. to require - требовать
10. to obtain - достигать, приобретать, применяться, получать
11. fuel - топливо, горючее
12. pressure - давление, (эл) напряжение, (тех) прессование
13. due to - благодаря
14. thermal - тепловой, термальный
15. steam turbine plant - электростанции с паровой турбиной
16. hydraulic - гидравлический
17. capacity - (тех) мощность
18. a pistone-typc steam engine - (тех) паровой двигатель поршневого типа
19. diesel engine plants - электростанции с дизельным двигателем
20. diesel internal combustion engines - дизельный двигатель внутреннего сгорания
21. to install - устанавливать; (тех) проводить
22. to employ - применять, использовать
23. total - (все)общий, суммарный
24. to utilize - использовать, утилизировать
25. to estimate - оценивать
26. consumption - потребление, расход
27. double - двойной
28. to double - удваивать
29. to belong to - принадлежать, относиться
EXERCISES
TASK 1. Answer the questions:
1. What plants generate electric energy? __________________________________
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2. What kinds of energy do prime movers employ? _________________________
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3. What sources of energy are in use nowadays? ___________________________
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4. What power plants do you know? _____________________________________
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5. How are plants with different kinds of prime movers called? _______________
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6. What are the main generating units at steam turbine plants? ________________
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7. In that plants are combustion engines employed? _________________________
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8. What are diesel-engine plants? _______________________________________
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9. How are plants employing water turbines called? _________________________
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10. Where are wind-electric power plants widely used? ______________________
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TASK 2. Fill the gaps with the verbs: " to build", " to locate", " to fluctuate", " to belong":
1. At what distance are hydroelectric power plants ________from their consumers?
2. Low-capacity power plants are _______________ in agricultural areas.
3. The daily inflow of water ________________ considerably.
4. Steam turbine plants ______________ to the modern high-capacity class of power plants.
TASK 3. Fill the gaps using such words: " to employ", " to obtain", " to require":
1. Water power is ____________ in order to activate water turbines.
2. Using different kinds of fuels we ______________energy.
3. Power plants are named according to the kind of fuel they ________________.
4. Small-capacity power plants ________________diesel combustion engines.
TASK 4. Translate into Russian:
1. Mendeleyev's Periodic Table is spoken of as one of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century. ____________________________________________________
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2. A surface covered by rhodium (родий) is not affected by air. ________________
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3. Lectures on the use of the atomic energy in industry are always listened to with great interest. _______________________________________________________
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4. That law was soon followed by another one. _____________________________
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5. They were influenced by his good example. _____________________________
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6. The conference will be attended by many guests from abroad. _______________
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7. All these questions will be answered. __________________________________
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TASK 5. Translate into Russian:
The world's consumption of fuel energy is increasing at an astronomical rate. Man is using more and more the organic fuel sources — coal, oil, wood and others. The use of these fuels in the 19th century was equal to almost half the total used in all the preceding nineteen centuries. According to estimates, consumption is expected to double and then double again before the year 2000....
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TASK 6. Give annotation of the text.
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TASK 7. Give a short summary of the text.
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TEXT 9
THERMAL ELECTRICAL PLANTS
Hydroelectric stations deliver power from great rivers, but still about 80 per cent of the required electric power is produced in thermal electrical plants. These plants burn coal, gas, peat or shale to make steam.
To understand how the energy of fuel is converted into; electrical energy let us discuss the heat process and begin with the fuel.
Gas is delivered through gas pipelines. The coal (peat, shale) arrives in trains, and conveyors or cranes unload it for storage and bring it to the furnace. It is more effective to burn coal in the form of powder, therefore it is first crushed, pulverized and blown into furnaces. To attain complete combustion of the powder a large volume of air is needed, delivered by forced air fans, exhauster fans and smoke stacks. The steam boilers or steam generators supply the huge amount of high-pressure, high-temperature steam required to drive the high-power turbine-generators.
Air is compressed in an axialflow compressor from atmos-pheric pressure to a pressure which is usually between the limits of 75 and 120 ps The compressed air may then flow through a regenerator or heat exchanger in which the hot ex-haust gas from the turbine is utilized to increase the tempera-ture of the air, thereby recovering energy that would other-wise be lost to the atmosphere. Fuel is sprayed into the com-bustor in which it combines chemically with the oxygen in the air to produce a hot gas leaving the combustor at some temperature between 1200° and 1700° F. The pressure of the air decreases slightly between the compressor discharge and turbine inlet because of friction, but the increase in tem-perature in the regenerator and combustor results in more than doubling the volume. The hot gas then expands in the turbine in which it does enough work to drive the compres-sor as well as an electric generator or some other suitable machine. The exhaust gases leaving" the turbine are cooled in the regenerator before being discharged to the atmosphere.
Where space and weight limitations are critical or fuel is cheap, the regenerator may be omitted with a substantial decrease in efficiency. The turboprop engine' as applied to the airplane operates without a regenerator and with a geared propeller as the load. In the turbojet engine as applied to the airplane, the turbine develops only enough to drive the compressor and exhausts into a nozzle at a back pressure considerably in excess of atmospheric pressure. The rearward expansion of the exhaust gases from the nozzle at high velocity creates the thrust which propels the airplane.
The kinetic energy of its steam acts against the blades of the turbine and rotates its shaft joined to the generator shaft.
A centralized control desk with panels and many instruments and automatic control devices supervises and monitors the plant, with only a few operators.
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