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Consider the language and style of scientific and technical language. Рассмотрите язык и стиль научно-технической речи.
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The purpose of science as a branch of human activity is to disclose by research the inner substance of things and phenomena of objective reality and find out the laws regulating them, thus enabling man to predict, control and direct their future development in order to improve the material and social life of mankind. The style of scientific prose is therefore mainly characterized by an arrangement of language means which will bring proofs to clinch a theory. The main function of scientific prose is proof. The selection of language means must therefore meet this principle requirement.
The genre of scientific works is mostly characteristic of the written form of language (scientific articles, monographs or textbooks), but it may also be found in its oral form (in scientific reports, lectures, discussions at conferences, etc); in the latter case this style has some features of colloquial speech.
The language of science is governed by the aim of the functional style of scientific prose, which is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena, etc. The language means used, therefore, tend to be objective, precise, unemotional, and devoid of any individuality; there is a striving for the most generalized form of expression.
The first and most noticeable feature of this style is the logical sequence of utterances with clear indication of their interrelations and interdependence, that is why in no other functional style there is such a developed and varied system of connectives as in scientific prose. The most frequently words used in scientific text are functional words; conjunctions and prepositions.
Consider the basic requirements for the design of tables, charts, formulas and references according to GOST 7.32-2001.
Рассмотрите основные требования к оформлению таблиц, графиков, формул и ссылок согласно ГОСТ 7.32-2001.
Making tables
The table name in the text of the work or the application should be placed above the table to the left, without indention in one line with its number by a dash. Table should be placed in the work immediately after the text in which it was mentioned for the first time, or on the next page.
When you transfer the table to another page of her name placed only on the first part of the table; the lower horizontal line, limiting the table, do not conduct; on the next page write the word "Continued" and indicate the number of tables (for example, "Continuation of Table 1"). Where reference is necessary to write the word "table", indicating its number (eg, "Table 1"). Table, except for application tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially numbered. The number of the table consists of the chapter number and the serial number of the table, separated by a period (Table 1.1).
Making illustrations (drawings, graphs, charts, diagrams)
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Illustrations (drawings, graphs, charts, computer printouts, diagrams, photographs) should be placed directly after the text in which they are mentioned for the first time, or on the next page.Illustration, illustrations except applications should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially numbered. If one picture, it is designated "Figure 1", and then under the illustration of the word "Figure" and its name in the middle of a line. The figure number, consists of the chapter number and serial number of illustrations, separated by a dot, for example, "Figure 1.1". Illustrations may have the name and descriptive information (caption text). The word "Figure" and its number and name are placed in front of explanatory data and a middle of the line (for example, "Figure 1 - Schedule a break-even point").
Registration of equations and formulas
Equations and formulas should be separated from the text in a separate line.
Consider the basic requirements for the writing, design and defend of abstracts and reports on the results of research work.
Рассмотрите основные требования к написанию,
Оформлению и защите рефератов и докладов по результатам научно-исследовательской работы
Abstract
The summary should be two hundred words or less. Write your summary after the rest of the paper is completed. You can keep it concise by wording sentences so that they serve more than one purpose.Try to keep the first two items to no more than one sentence each.
• Purpose of the study - hypothesis, overall question, objective
• Model organism or system and brief description of the experiment
• Results, including specific data - if the results are quantitative in nature, report quantitative data; results of any statistical analysis shoud be reported
• Important conclusions or questions that follow from the experiment(s)
Style:
• Singleparagraph, andconcise
• As a summary of work done, it is always written in past tense
• An abstract should stand on its own, and not refer to any other part of the paper such as a figure or table
• Focus on summarizing results - limit background information to a sentence or two, if absolutely necessary
• What you report in an abstract must be consistent with what you reported in the paper
• Corrrect spelling, clarity of sentences and phrases, and proper reporting of quantities (proper units, significant figures) are just as important in an abstract as they are anywhere else
General style of a report
Specific editorial requirements for submission of a manuscript will always supercede instructions in these general guidelines.
Tomake a paperreadable
• Print or type using a 12 point standard font, such as Times, Geneva, Bookman, Helvetica, etc.
• Text should be double spaced on 8 1/2" x 11" paper with 1 inch margins, single sided
• Numberpagesconsecutively
• Start each new section on a new page
• Adheretorecommendedpagelimits
Mistakestoavoid
• Placing a heading at the bottom of a page with the following text on the next page (insert a page break!)
• Dividing a table or figure - confine each figure/table to a single page
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• Submitting a paper with pages out of order
In all sections of your paper
• Use normal prose including articles ("a", "the," etc.)
• Stay focused on the research topic of the paper
• Use paragraphs to separate each important point (except for the abstract)
• Indent the first line of each paragraph
• Present your points in logical order
• Use present tense to report well accepted facts - for example, 'the grass is green'
• Use past tense to describe specific results - for example, 'When weed killer was applied, the grass was brown'
• Avoid informal wording, don't address the reader directly, and don't use jargon, slang terms, or superlatives
• Avoid use of superfluous pictures - include only those figures necessary to presenting results
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