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VII Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-й абзацы.
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The English Language
1 English developed from Anglo-Saxon and is a Germanic language. Even today, words used in modern English for ordinary objects are mostly Anglo-Saxon, or Germanic, in origin1.Germanic languages, such as Danish, German, Norwegian and Swedish have very similar words for the objects such as: shoe, clothes, sun, moon, man, wife, child, house, water, sleep, love,have, be, work.
2 However, all the invaders, particularly the Norman French, influenced the English language.English has many similarities with Romance languages whose origin is Latin. Such words as: government, judge, court, parliament, army, crown, country, people and others came to England with the French-speaking Normans. The words are associated with power: Norman-French was used as the language of parliament. Words of Latin origin are usually longer than words of Germanic origin.
3 Norman-French words did not enter English immediately. Only in the 14th century, a new form of English was used: Middle English, which was Old English enriched by thousands of French words.
4 Two centuries later came the Renaissance2: there was a revival of interest in ancient cultures, Greek and Latin. Thousands more words of Latin origin flooded into English. This explains why modern English has pairs of words which mean almost the same thing3 such as base of Norman-French origin, and basis which came into English during the Renaissance. The Latin words were joined by hundreds of Greek words. At the same time, it became more popular throughout Europe to use the mother language, not Latin, for written documents.
5 The period from the Renaissance to the present day has seen many new ideas and inventories, especially in science and technology. As new things are invented, new words have to be created. There are now thousands of new words in English. Just think of television, microscope, thermometer and psychology. Often new words are created from existing Greek or Latin words put together in new ways4.
6 Some words from foreign countries have entered English as a result of trade colonial expansion. Other words were invented in the English-speaking former colonies, the USA in particular. It is because of the USA that English has become a world language: a world where over 90 per cent of scientific papers are written in English and a world where people from different countries prefer to communicate in English.
Пояснения к тексту:
1in origin – по происхождению
2the Renaissance – эпоха Возрождения
3the same thing – одно и то же
4in new ways – по-новому, иными способами
VIII Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Why do new words have to be created?
2. How are they created?
Вариант № 3
I Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s(-es) и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
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а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
В) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Jack comes from the United Kingdom.
2. The people of different lands need different fabrics for clothing.
3. London’s immigrants come from inside and outside of Europe.
4. If Paris was the centre of women’s fashion, then London was the centre for men’s style.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. There are a lot of one-parent families in Great Britain.
2. At first “redbrick” universities prepared students for London University degree.
3. Sometimes "new" universities are called "concrete and glass" universities.
4. After World War II automobile manufacturers began offering car radios as standard accessories.
III Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. You know him better than anyone else.
2. The world’s smallest independent state is Vatican City, where the Pope lives.
3. The Prime Minister is the most important person in Parliament.
4. The further we swam into the sea, the more beautiful the shore looked.
IV Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложение на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения 3).
а) 1. In the 17th century new industrial branches were developing in Great Btritain.
2. On the New Year’s Eve, people traditionally take a shower in the fountains in Trafalgar Square.
3. Has your boss left for England or for Germany?
4. Britain does not often produce sportsmen who are successful in world sporting championships.
б) 1. National radio is controlled by the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation).
2. Between the 9th and 11th centuries Wales was divided into small states.
3. Almost all the old city has been destroyed in the Great Fire of London before it was rebuilt.
4. The car will be parked at the parking lot near the hotel.
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V Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. British film companies often have to use American actors.
2. Sally’s husband can play football and tennis, but he cannot cook or iron.
3. I am a student at the University and I must study most of the time.
4. The contest was to take place at the end of the last month.
VI Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participe II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In the nearest future most of the knowledge accepted by mankind will be stored in the computers and made accessible to anyone with the home computers.
2. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must always be careful.
3. North Wales has several impressive castles built by English kings.
4. If heavily ironed, a silk fabric may be spoiled.
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