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4. These sentences are not true. Correct them.
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Text 7
1. Translate these words and word-combinations:
to cancel
official body
to be abolished
to be transmid
Council
civil authorities
state weapon
technical forces
regular structure
voluntary formations
Local Advice
amateur
irrespective
2. Read and translate the text:
October revolution has cancelled all system of official bodies, including militia. At that time over the ruling clique of Russia was dominated with opinion, that the army and police should be abolished, and their functions - are transferred (transmitted) to directly armed people (look Anarchy). The decree of People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs «About working militia» from October, 28th (on November, 10th on H. With. ) 1917 (1) has been established:
«All Advice (Councils) of working and soldier’s deputies establish working militia. The working militia is entirely and exclusive in charge of Advice (Council) of working and soldier’s deputies, Military and civil authorities are obliged to promote (assist) arms of working militia and supply by its (her) technical forces down to supply by its state weapon, the Present (True) law is put into operation on telegraph».
This day (on November, 10th) till now is celebrated in Russia as «Day of militia». Having passed through a plenty of reorganization, the militia has existed till now, having kept both the name, and the basic functions.
Thus, the militia has been founded, but militian bodies had no regular structure and were, actually, voluntary formations. About one year after that militias as the state organization, did not exist. On places earlier existed formations of militia somewhere have been dismissed, somewhere are reorganized. Local Advice (Councils) created and supported own militian groups.
It has been very soon realized, that the system of protection of the law and order cannot exist and is effective function, being a set of amateur voluntary groups. In March, 1918 the commissioner of People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs has brought the government a attention to the question on a reconstruction of militia as the state organization. On May, 10th, 1918 the board of People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs has accepted the order: «the Militia exists as constant staff of the persons executing special duties, the organization of militia should be carried out irrespective of Red Army, their functions should be strictly differentiated». On its basis organizational documents have been generated, the project of “workers’- and peasants’ militia» is made. On October, 21st, 1918 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs approved «the Instruction on the organizations of the Soviet workers’- and-peasants’ militia».
3. Answer the following questions:
a) What has cancelled all system of official bodies, including militia?
b) What did the decree of People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs speak about?
c) When do people celebrate “Day of militia”?
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4. These sentences are not true. Correct them.
a) The militia has been founded but militian bodies had regular structure.
b) The system of protection of the law and order can exist effective function.
c) On November, 10, 1923 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs has approved “the instruction on the organizations of the Soviet workers’- and-peasants’ militia”.
5. Complete the following sentences:
a) At that time over the…
b) The working militia is…
c) In March, 1918 the commissioner…
6. Give English equivalents for:
официальный орган
мнение
быть установленным
комитет
поддержка
оружие
основные функции
реорганизовать
система охраны закона
эффективная функция
специальные обязанности
крестьяне
UNIT 4
INVESTIGATION OF CRIME
Text 1.
1. Some new words for the text.
reconstruct the happening – мысленно воссоздать происшедшее
involve – включать в себя
inquiry - расследование, исследование, дознание
surround – окружать
commission – зд. совершение
successful – преуспевающий, успешный
available – доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении
participate – участвовать
attribute – свойство, характерный признак
dedication – преданность, самоотверженность
courage – храбрость, смелость, отвага
competence – способность, умение, компетентность
kwonledgeable – хорошо осведомленный
fundamentals – основы
marksmanship – меткая стрельба
maintain – поддерживать, сохранять
usage – употребление
civic – гражданский
premises – помещение, дом
take picture of – сфотографировать
record – записывать, протоколировать
detail – входить в подробности
bring a charge – выдвигать обвинение
lack – 1. испытывать недостаток, не иметь, нуждаться
2. недоставать ( не хватает ).
2. Read and translate the text:
Investigation of crime.
Criminal investigation is the keystone of the police service and in the structure of the detective function. Investigation means a search. It means a search for the truth, for the offender, for witnesses who help to reconstruct the happening and will present evidence of it in court. Criminal investigation is indispensable to learn whether an accident involves a crime and if so who is responsible. As for the police work the investigation is an inquiry into the facts surrounding the commission of the criminal offence, i. e. what it is, where it was, who the offender was, when, why and how he was committing the crime.
No successful investigation is available without participating highly professional policemen - patrol officers, detectives or investigators - who possess such attributes of the policeman's profession as dedication, courage, intelligence, competency, self-command, specialized investigative aptitudes and professional instinct, i. e. some sleuthing powers. To ferret out serious crimes and detect those who commit them a police officer should do his best in performing his job. He should be knowledgeable not only in theoretical fundamentals of law enforcement but he should also be skilled in such policeman's functions as marksmanship, driving a patrol car, communicating with the public. All that helps him in maintaining proper police/public relations and in his decision-making judgement.
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Thus frustrating the efforts of professional criminals and quick and accurate solution of crime depend very much on proper special training, education and selection of police officers. It also depends on their skills in undercover work - laying an ambush and conducting surveillance, penetrating the underworld, work with the informants, their choosing, cultivating and usage. The informant is a person who gives the police officer confidential information about a crime as his civic responsibility and duty. A police officer operating in plain clothes often comes to know personally the offenders of the specific criminal specialty, their friends, their relatives and close associates and becomes familiar with salient features of their modus operandi.
In case the investigating officer works at the crime scene he defines the crime quickly and examines the scene very carefully before he touches and disturbs anything. He takes active measures to detect the offender, that is to identify, locate and apprehend an evil- doer. He usually takes pictures of the scene and its objects and makes a plan on which he records the position of any trace. He collects and protects evidence, interviews witnesses and persons for discovery of stolen property and instruments of the crime. Then the investigator examines all the evidence to establish proof of guillt against the person responsible for a crime, and if so brings a charge against the suspect and presents the criminal case for the prosecuion in court.
No doubt quick and accurate crime investigation and solution catching, neutralizing and bringing the criminal to justice is essential. At the same time a very much more important and difficult thing is crime prevention. In order to function effectively in crime prevention the professional policeman establishes contact with the public and maintains positive attitudes about the citizets he serves. If understanding is lacking, then decisition-making judgements and general performance of the policeman in the field will be less effective. The better he understands the people, the better he manages to perform his duty.
3. Translate into Russian:
a) no confidential information, some efforts, his intelligence, their functions, this keystone, our decision-making judgement, her sleuthing powers, every plain-clothes man, a sleuth, frustrating their plans, an informant possessing information, my specialty, another close associate, such modus operandi, little common sense, our salient features, the very distinctive marks, the only instrument of a crime, any stolen property, no justice, his relative, any distinctive mark, that discovery, another search;
b) we do our best, she does her best, they function in these systems, it depends on our skills and intelligence, they combine many methods, he combines different principles, everyone possesses common sense, those who possess decision-making judgement, no efforts frustrating the plans, he manages to become familiar, I manage to come to know, we take some measures, the prosecutor brings the criminal to justice, the operative conducts search, discovery and seizure; they search stolen property, he searches instruments of a crime.
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4. Read and translate into Russian paying attention to suffixes and prefixes in word-building:
responsible - responsibility
reconstruct - reconstruction - reconstructor - reconstructive
commit - commission - commissioner
offend - offender - offence - offensive
participate - participation - participant - participle
profess - professor - profession - professional - professionally - professionalism
dedicate - dedicated - dedication - dedicator
special - specialist - speciality - specialize - specialization - specialty - specially
perform - performance - performer - performing
know - knowledge - knowledgeable
theory - theoretical- theoretic - theorist - theorize
enforce - enforcement - enforcer
maintain - maintenance
judge - judgement
frustrate - frustration
solve - solution
person - personal- personally - personality - personnel
prosecute - prosecution - prosecutor
define - definite - definition - indefinite
care - careful- carefully - careless - carelessly
identify - identification - identity - identic(al)
locate - location
apprehend - apprehension
penetrate - penetration - penetrating
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