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Библиография 1 страница
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1Luntz Research Co. survey of 1, 000 adults, 3 October 2001, reported in USA Today, 19–21 October 2001, p. 1.
2 New York Times, 23 September 2001, p. B6.
3 Rachel Newman, “The Day the World Changed, I Did Too”, Newsweek, 1 October 2001, p. 9.
4 Los Angeles Times, 16 February 1998, p. B1, C1; John J. Miller, “Becoming an American”, New York Times, 26 May 1998, p. A27.
5 Joseph Tilden Rhea, Race Pride and the American Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 1–2, 8–9; Robert Frost, Selected Poems of Robert Frost (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), p. 297–301, 422; Maya Angelou, “On the Pulse of Morning”, New York Times, 21 January 1993, p. A14.
6 Ward Connerly, “Back to Equality”, Imprimis, 27 (February 1998), p. 3.
7 Correspondence supplied by Ralph Nader; Jeff Jacoby, “Patriotism and the CEOs”, Boston Globe, 30 July 1998, p. A15.
8 “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism”, in Nussbaum et al, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), p. 4; Amy Gutmann, “Democratic Citizenship”, in ibid., p. 68–69; Richard Sennett, “America Is Better off Without a ‘National Identity, ’” International Herald Tribune, 31 January 1994, p. 6.
9 Robert D. Kaplan, “Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood”, Atlantic Monthly, 278 (September 1996), p. 81; Bruce D. Porter, “Can American Democracy Survive? ” Commentary, 96 (November 1993), p. 37.
10 Mehran Kamrava, The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy (London: Praeger, 1992), p. 1; James Barber, “South Africa: The Search for Identity”, International Affairs, 70 (January 1994); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim, China’s Quest for National Identity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Timothy Ka-Ying Wong and Milan Tung-Wen Sun, “Dissolution and Reconstruction of National Identity: The Experience of Subjectivity in Taiwan”, Nations and Nationalism, 4 (April 1998); Gilbert Rozman, “A Regional Approach to Northeast Asia”, Orbis, 39 (Winter 1995); Robert D. Kaplan, “Syria: Identity Crisis”, Atlantic Monthly, 271 (February 1993); New York Times, 10 September 2000, p. 2, 25 April 2000, p. A3; Conrad Black, “Canada’s Continuing Identity Crisis”, Foreign Affairs, 74 (March/April 1995), p. 95–115; “Algeria’s Destructive Identity Crisis”, Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 31 January – 6 February 1994, p. 19; Boston Globe, 10 April 1991, p. 9; Anthony DePalma, “Reform in Mexico: Now You See It”, New York Times, 12 September 1993, p. 4E; Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East (New York: Schocken, 1998).
11 Gilles Kepel, Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World(University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994). See also Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Peter L. Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); David Westerlund, ed., Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics (London: Hurst, 1996).
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12 Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 56, quoted in Dankwart A. Rustow, “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model”, Comparative Politics, 2 (April 1970), p. 351.
13 Charles Tilly, “Reflections on the History of European State-Making”, in Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 42.
14 Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, “Armed Conflict, 1989–1999”, Journal of Peace Research, 39 (September 2000), p. 638.
15 Bill Clinton, quoted in The Tennessean, 15 June 1997, p. 10.
16 Karmela Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes: A Social Psychological Study: Maintenance and Reconstruction of Ethnolinquistic Identity in Multiple Group Allegiance (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarium Fennica, 1984), p. 42; Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: Norton, 1968), p. 9 and quoted by Leon Wieseltier, “Against Identity”, New Republic, 28 November 1994, p. 24; Wieseltier, Against Identity (New York: W. Drenttel, 1996), and Kaddish (New York: Knopf, 1998).
17 Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security”, in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 59.
18 K. Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes, p. 51, citing Henri Tajfel, “Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour” in Tajfel, H., ed., “Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations”, European Monographs in Social Psychology, no. 14, (London: Academic Press, 1978), p. 27–60.
19 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987), p. 115.
20 Ibid; Jonathan Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, 49 (Spring 1995), p. 250.
21 Josef Goebbels, quoted in Jonathan Mercer, “Approaching Hate: The Cognitive Foundations of Discrimination”, CISAC (Stanford University, January 1994), p. 1; Andrе Malraux, Man’s Fate (New York: Random House, 1969), p. 3 cited by Robert D. Kaplan, “The Coming Anarchy”, Atlantic Monthly, 273 (February 1994), p. 72; Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, “Why War? ”, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p. 199–215.
22 Vamik D. Volkan, “The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach”, Political Psychology, 6 (June 1985) p. 219, 243, 247; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships (Northvale, N. J.: J. Aronson, 1994), p. 35; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 162–177.
23 Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity”, p. 242; Volkan, “The Need to Have Enemies and Allies” p. 231; Dennis Wrong, The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society (New York: Free Press, 1994), p. 203–4; Economist, 7 July 1990, p. 29. The form this discrimination takes may, however, be shaped by culture. Mercer, “Approaching Hate”, p. 4–6, 8, 11 citing Margaret Wetherell, “Cross-Cultural Studies of Minimal Groups: Implications for the Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Relations”, in Henri Tajfel, ed., Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 220–21; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, (New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 110–12, and Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes (New York: Routledge, 1988, p. 49.
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24 Volkan, “The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach”, p. 243–44.
25 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism, p. 119. See also Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 88, 94–95, 103.
26 Michael Howard, “War and the Nation-State”, Daedalus, 108 (Fall 1979), p. 102.
27 R. R. Palmer, “Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bü low: From Dynastic to National War”, in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 18.
28 Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5.
29 Относительно этого разграничения см. William B. Cohen, “Nationalism in Europe”, in John Bodnar, Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 323–38; Thomas M. Franck, “Tribe, Nation, World: Self-Identification in the Evolving International System”, Ethics and International Affairs 11 (1997), p. 151–69; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 11–14, 79ff; Hans Kohn, Nationalism, Its Meaning and History (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1965); Alan Patten, “The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism”, Nations and Nationalism, 5 (January 1999), p. 1ff; Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), Introduction; Tom Nairn, “Breakwaters of 2000: From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism”, New Left Review, 214 (November/December 1995) p. 91–103; Bernard Yack, “The Myth of the Civil Nation”, Critical Review, 10 (Spring 1996), p. 193ff.; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 85, где суммированы данные в подтверждение точки зрения Оруэлла на национализм как на «вывернутый наизнанку патриотизм».
Полевые исследования 2003 г. предоставили многочисленные данные, подтверждающие, что национальная гордость существует в двух формах: «патриотизма», определяемого в гражданских терминах как «самоотносимая» и безоговорочная любовь к своей стране, и «национализма», определяемого как «безусловно сравнительный – и преимущественно высокомерно-сравнительный». Rui J. p. Figuiredo, Jr., and Zachary Elkins, “Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry Into the Vices of In-Group Pride”, American Journal of Political Science, 47 (January 2003), p. 171–188. Однако это исследование не представило свидетельств относительно того, какие ощущения испытывают патриоты, сравнивая (а они не могут не сравнивать) собственную страну с другими странами. Кроме того, данное исследование упустило из вида то обстоятельство, что в глобализованном мире взаимодействия между отдельными странами и, как следствие, сопоставления этих стран становятся все более частыми и неизбежными. В ежегодных статистических отчетах страны мира выстраиваются по рейтингу внутренней свободы, свободы прессы, коррупции, эффективности производства, степени глобализации, качества образования и по многим другим показателям. Сколь высока будет национальная гордость «патриота», если его страна в этих рейтингах окажется в конце списка?
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30 Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924), p. 94.
31 Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 3; Stanley Hoffmann, “More Perfect Union: Nation and Nationalism in America”, Harvard International Review (Winter 1997/1998), p. 72.
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt, quoted in John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 3; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in a Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 88; Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston, Little Brown, 2nd. ed. 1973), p. 3.
33 Wilbur Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), p. 23–4.
34 John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 6.
35 Herman Merivale, Lectures on Colonization and Colonies Delivered Before the University of Oxford in 1839, 1840, & 1841 (London: Oxford University Press, 1928); Albert Galloway Keller, Colonization: A Study of the Founding of New Societies (Boston: Ginn, 1908).
36 John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 60, quoted in Jack p. Green and J. R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 205; Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States, p. 13–14; Michael Lind, Vietnam: The Necessary War (New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 122–23.
37 Ronald Syme, Colonial Elites: Rome, Spain and the Americas (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 18; Alexis de Tocqueville, letter to Abbe Leseur, 7 September 1831, quoted in George W. Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938) p. 314.
38 David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6–7; J. Rogers Hollingsworth, “The United States”, in Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton University Press, 1978), p. 163.
39 Louis Hartz, The Founding of New Societies (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964). Относительно критики взглядов Харца на распространение американских ценностей и стабильность американского общества см. John Gerring, “The Perils of Particularism: Political History After Hartz”, Journal of Policy History, 11 (1999), p. 313–22; Leo p. Ribuffo, “What Is Still Living in ‘Consensus’ History and Pluralist Social Theory”, American Studies International, 38 (February 2000), p. 42–60.
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40 George Peabody Gooch, English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Harper, 1959), p. 71.
41 Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), p. 1.
42 Peter D. Salins, Assimilation, American Style (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 23; U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, p. 18.
43 Richard T. Gill, Nathan Glazer, and Stephen A. Thernstrom, Our Changing Population (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1992); Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 283; Jim Potter, “Demographic Development and Family Structure”, in Jack p. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 149; Congressman Glover quoted in D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 2, p. 222.
44 Campbell Gibson, “The Contribution of Immigration to the Growth and Ethnic Diversity of the American Population”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136 (June 1992), p. 166.
45 Richard Hofstadter, quoted in Hans Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretive Essay (New York: Macmillan, 1957), p. 13; Samuel p. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 24, 23.
46 Benjamin Franklin quoted in Kohn, American Nationalism, p. 7.
47 Jü rgen Heideking, “The Image of an English Enemy During the American Revolution”, in Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Ursula Lehmkuhl, eds., Enemy Images in American History (Providence, R. I.: Berghahn Books, 1997), p. 104, 95.
48 John M. Owen IV, Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politiucs and International Security (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 130 and passim.
49 Rogers M. Smith, “The ‘American Creed’ and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States”, Western Political Quarterly, 41 (June 1988), p. 226; Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 46.
50 Herbert C. Kelman, “The Role of Social Identity in Conflict Resolution: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian Problem-Solving Workshops”, paper presented at the Third Biennial Rutgers Symposium on Self and Social Identity: Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Resolution (April 1999), p. 1.
51 George W. Pierson, The Moving American (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 5; Jason Schacter, “Geographical Mobility: Population Characteristics”, Current Population Reports (U. S. Census Bureau, p. 20–538, 2001), p. 1.; Stephen Vincent Benйt, Western Star (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1943), p. 3.
52 Alexander Mackey quoted in John Higham, “Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History”, The Journal of American History, 61 (June 1974), p. 17; Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), p. 64.
53 Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 37; Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776–1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 290, n. 3; Lord Dunmore quoted in Pierson, Moving America, p. 51. See generally Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978).
54 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 18.
55 Russell Bourne, The Red King’s Rebellion: Racial Politics in New England, 1675–1678 (New York: Atheneum, 1990), p. 23–26; James D. Drake, King Philip’s War: Civil War in New England, 1675–1676 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), p. 36–37.
56 Alan Taylor, “In a Strange Way”, New Republic, 13 April 1998, p. 39–40; Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 240; Eric B. Schultz and Michael J. Tougias, King Philip’s War: The History and Legacy of America’s Forgotten Conflict (Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 1999), p. 4–5.
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57 Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860(Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1973), p. 79; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 352. За этими словами Токвилля следует неожиданно эмоциональное и живописное описание выселения племени чокто, которое автор наблюдал в Мемфисе в 1831 году.
58 James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p. 288–300; Peter H. Schuck and Rogers M. Smith, Citizenship Without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), p. 63ff; Chief Justice John Marshall, The Cherokee Nation vs. The State of Georgia, 30 U. S. 1 (1831).
59 Edmund Randolph, History of Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970), p. 253; Thomas Jefferson, “The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson”, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Modern Library, 1944) p. 51; John Patrick Doggins, On Hallowed Ground: Abraham Lincoln and the Foundations of American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 175–76.
60 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 134.
61 Lind, Next American Nation, p. 43, 68; Smith, “‘The American Creed’ and American Identity”, p. 233, 235; Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny; Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimension of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997).
62 David Heer, Immigration in America’s Future: Social Science Findings and the Policy Debate (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), p. 37.
63 Justice Stephen J. Field, Chae Chang Ping v United States, 130 U. S. 581 (1889); Smith, “’American Creed’ and American Identity”, p. 244.
64 Philip Gleason, “American Identity and Americanization”, in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 46.
65 Immigration Restriction League, quoted in Madlwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 222.
66 William S. Bernard, “Immigration: History of U. S. Policy”, in Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, p. 493.
67 Gleason, “American Identity and Americanization”, p. 47.
68 Alden T. Vaughan, “Seventeenth Century Origins of American Culture”, in Stanley Coben and Lorman Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 30–2; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 34.
69 James A. Morone, “The Struggle for American Culture”, PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (September 1996), p. 428–429; John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 180.
70 Samuel p. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 93ff.
71 Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 150; Michael Novak, Further Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press, 1977), p. 26; Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 14; who levels the same charge against Canada and Australia; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 93, quoted from Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: Morrow, 1967), p. 256.
72 Benjamin C. Schwarz, “The Diversity Myth”, Atlantic Monthly, 275 (May 1995), p. 57–67.
73 Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 187, and Chapter 8 generally; Samuel p. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 154; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 72.
74 Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955); William Lee Miller, “Religion and Political Attitudes”, in James Ward Smith and A. Leland Jamison, eds., Religious Perspectives in American Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 85; Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, p. 154.
75 Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 38–66.
76 Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 144ff; Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood, p. 74–5; Morone, “The Struggle for American Culture”, p. 426.
77 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 125–126 and “Speech on Moving Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies”, in Ross J. S. Hoffman and Paul Levack, eds., Burke’s Politics (New York: Knopf, 1949), p. 69–71.
78 Morone, “The Struggle for American Culture”, p. 429; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 2, p. 32; Huntington, American Politics p. 153; James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), 2, p. 599.
79 David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 787; Kevin p. Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America(New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. xv and passim.
80 John C. Green et al, Religion and the Culture Wars: Dispatches from the Front (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), p. 243–44.
81 George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 6; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), p. 19.
82 Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 4; William McLoughlin, ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800–1900; An Anthology (New York: Harper & Row 1968), p. 26, quoted in Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 46.
83 George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People’s Religion: American Faith in the 90”s (New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 93. For other estimates, see Cullen Murphy, “Protestantism and the Evangelicals”, The Wilson Quarterly, (Autumn 1981), p. 107ff; Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925, p. 228; Boston Sunday Globe, 20 February 2000, p. A1.
84 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1954), vol. I, p. 409; Bryce, American Commonwealth, Vol. 2, p. 417–418; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper, 1944); Vol. 1, p. 495, Daniel Bell, “The End of American Exceptionalism”, in Nathan Glazer and Irving Kristol, eds., The American Commonwealth 1976 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 209; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 63–4.
85 Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective(New York: Norton, 1973), p. 103.
86 William Lee Miller; John Higham, “Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History”, Journal of American History, 61 (June 1974), p. 15; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 79–80.
87 Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 63–4.
88 Francis J. Grund, The Americans in Their Moral, Social and Political Relations (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), p. 355–56.
89 Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Dif-ferences in Work-Related Values (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980), p. 222; Henry van Loon, “How Cadets Stack Up”, Armed Forces Journal International (March 1997), p. 18–20; Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 218; Charles Hampden-Turner and Alfons Trompenaars, The Seven Cultures of Capitalism (New York: Doubleday, 1993), p. 48, 57. See also Harry C. Triandis, “Cross-Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism”, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), vol. 37, p. 41–133.
90 Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 76; John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 39ff; Bill Clinton, remarks to Democratic Leadership Council, 1993 quoted in Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream, p. 18.
91 Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 1–3, 67, 72–5.
92 Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character p. 29; Michael Chevalier, Society, Manners and Politics in the United States; Letters on North America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967), p. 267–68.
93 Roger M. Smith, “The ‘American Creed’ and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States”, Western Political Quarterly, 41 (June 1988), p. 239, citing Eric Foner, Free soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man, esp. p. 39ff.
94 Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 236; International Labor Organization Study September 1999, cited in The Daily Yomiuri, 7 September 1999, p. 12; Prospect, No. 49 (February 2000), p. 7, citing Boston Review, December 1999–January 2000.
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